How to have dinner with your Professor

How to have dinner with your Professor Organic Chemistry is notoriously hard. But what isnt hard is having dinner with your organic chemistry professor which can be sponsored by MITs Undergraduate Association! WAIT FREE FOOD? Thats right. You and 2-5 friends can ask any of your professors out for a feast, to any restaurant. Itll definitely be better than dining hall food. Which actually isnt that bad. So therefore your outing will be inherently great. HOW?? Gather your friendship dinner crew and choose a professor. Cordially invite him/her out to an evening banquet. Register online and have all guests confirm. Choose a date and enjoy! BUT IM NERVOUS Get yourself together. Sure your organic chemistry professor has almost 300 publications and 39 patents, but dont let that intimidate you. This is an incredible opportunity to develop a closer bond to some of the worlds best faculty. They may be unbelievably accomplished, but theyre also unbelievably human. We can learn much more than subject material through simple conversation. :) OKAY. IM READY! Excellent! To make it into this semester you only have a few more weeks left.  Heres the link to the official Student-Faculty Dinner Instructions and Registration page. June P., Jonathan Z., Barbara L., and I all had an amazing time with Professor Swager (5.12) last week. If anyone reading this has attended a student-faculty dinner, UA sponsored or not, feel free to share below!

Olmec Religion - the First Mesoamerican Civilization

The Olmec civilization (1200-400 B.C.) was the first major Mesoamerican culture and laid the foundation for several later civilizations. Many aspects of Olmec culture remain a mystery, which is not surprising considering how long ago their society went into decline. Nevertheless, archaeologists have been able to make surprising progress in learning about the religion of the ancient Olmec people. The Olmec Culture The Olmec culture lasted roughly from 1200 B.C. to 400 B.C. and flourished along Mexicos Gulf coast. The Olmec built major cities at San Lorenzo and La Venta, in the present day states of Veracruz and Tabasco respectively. The Olmec were farmers, warriors and traders, and the few clues they left behind indicate a rich culture. Their civilization collapsed by 400 A. D. - archaeologists are unsure as to why - but several later cultures, including the Aztec and the Maya, were profoundly influenced by the Olmec. The Continuity Hypothesis Archaeologists have struggled to put together the few clues that remain today from the Olmec culture which vanished well over 2,000 years ago. Facts about the ancient Olmec are hard to come by. Modern researchers must use three sources for information on the religion of ancient Mesoamerican cultures: Analysis of relics including sculpture, buildings and ancient texts when availableEarly Spanish reports of religious and cultural practicesEthnographic studies of modern-day traditional religious practices in certain communities Experts who have studied the Aztecs, Maya and other ancient Mesoamerican religions have come to an interesting conclusion: these religions share certain characteristics, indicating a much older, foundational system of belief. Peter Joralemon proposed the Continuity Hypothesis to fill in the gaps left by incomplete records and studies. According to Joralemon there is a basic religious system common to all Mesoamerican peoples. This system took shape long before it was given monumental expression in Olmec art and survived long after the Spanish conquered the New Worlds major political and religious centers. (Joralemon quoted in Diehl, 98). In other words, other cultures can fill in the blanks in regards to Olmec society. One example is the Popol Vuh. Although it is normally associated with the Maya, there are nevertheless many instances of Olmec art and sculpture that seemingly show images or scenes from the Popol Vuh. One instance is the nearly identical statues of the Hero Twins at t he Azuzul archaeological site. The Five Aspects of Olmec Religion Archaeologist Richard Diehl has identified five elements associated with Olmec Religion. These include: A cosmos which identifies the socio-cultural context within which Gods and man interactedDivine beings and gods who controlled the universe and interacted with menA shaman or priest class who acted as intermediaries between the common Olmec people and their gods and spiritsRituals enacted by shamans and/or rulers that reinforced the concepts of the cosmosSacred sites, both natural and man-made Olmec Cosmology Like many early Mesoamerican cultures, the Olmec believed in three tiers of existence: the physical realm they inhabited, an underworld and a sky realm, home of most of the gods. Their world was bound together by the four cardinal points and natural boundaries such as rivers, the ocean and mountains. The most important aspect of Olmec life was agriculture, so it is no surprise that the Olmec agricultural/fertility cult, gods and rituals were extremely important. The rulers and kings of the Olmec had an important role to play as intermediaries between the realms, although it is unknown exactly what relationship to their gods they claimed. Olmec Deities The Olmec had several deities whose images repeatedly appear in surviving sculptures, stonecarvings and other artistic forms. Their names have been lost to time, but archaeologists identify them by their characteristics. No fewer than eight regularly-appearing Olmec deities have been identified. These are the designations given to them by Joralemon: The Olmec DragonThe Bird MonsterThe Fish MonsterThe Banded-eye GodThe Maize GodThe Water GodThe Were-jaguarThe Feathered Serpent Most of these gods would later figure prominently in other cultures, such as the Maya. Currently, there is insufficient information about the roles these gods played in Olmec society or specifically how each was worshiped. Olmec Sacred Places The Olmecs considered certain man-made and natural places sacred. Man-made places included temples, plazas and ball courts and natural places included springs, caves, mountaintops and rivers. No building easily identifiable as an Olmec temple has been discovered; nevertheless, there are many raised platforms which probably served as bases upon which temples were built of some perishable material such as wood. Complex A at La Venta archaeological site is commonly accepted as a religious complex. Although the only ballcourt identified at an Olmec site comes from the post-Olmec era at San Lorenzo, there is nevertheless much evidence that the Olmecs played the game, including carved likenesses of players and preserved rubber balls found at the El Manatà ­ site. The Olmec venerated natural sites as well. El Manatà ­ is a bog where offerings were left by the Olmecs, probably those who lived at San Lorenzo. Offerings included wooden carvings, rubber balls, figurines, knives, axes and more. Although caves are rare in the Olmec region, some of their carvings indicate a reverence for them: in some stonecarvings the cave is the mouth of the Olmec Dragon. Caves in Guerrero state have paintings inside which are associated with the Olmec. Like many ancient cultures, the Olmecs venerated mountains: an Olmec sculpture was found close to the summit of the San Martà ­n Pajapan Volcano, and many archaeologists believe that man-made hills at sites such as La Venta are meant to represent sacred mountains for rituals. Olmec Shamans There is strong evidence that the Olmec had a shaman class in their society. Later Mesoamerican cultures which derived from the Olmec had full-time priests who acted as intermediaries between the common people and the divine. There are sculptures of shamans apparently transforming from humans into were-jaguars. Bones of toads with hallucinogenic properties have been found at Olmec sites: the mind-altering drugs were presumably used by shamans. The rulers of Olmec cities probably served as shamans as well: rulers were likely considered to have a special relationship with the gods and many of their ceremonial functions were religious. Sharp objects, such as stingray spines, have been found at Olmec sites and were most likely used in sacrificial bloodletting rituals. Olmec Religious Rituals and Ceremonies Of Diehls five foundations of Olmec religion, the rituals are the least known to modern researchers. The presence of ceremonial objects, such as stingray spines for bloodletting, indicate that there were, indeed, important rituals, but any details of said ceremonies have been lost to time. Human bones - particularly of infants - have been found at some sites, suggesting human sacrifice, which was later important among the Maya, Aztec and other cultures. The presence of rubber balls indicates that the Olmec played this game. Later cultures would assign a religious and ceremonial context to the game, and it is reasonable to suspect that the Olmec did as well. Sources: Coe, Michael D and Rex Koontz. Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs. 6th Edition. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2008Cyphers, Ann. Surgimiento y decadencia de San Lorenzo, Veracruz. Arqueologà ­a Mexicana Vol XV - Num. 87 (Sept-Oct 2007). P. 36-42.Diehl, Richard A. The Olmecs: Americas First Civilization. London: Thames and Hudson, 2004.Gonzalez Lauck, Rebecca B. El Complejo A, La Venta, Tabasco. Arqueologà ­a Mexicana Vol XV - Num. 87 (Sept-Oct 2007). P. 49-54.Grove, David C. Cerros Sagradas Olmecas. Trans. Elisa Ramirez. Arqueologà ­a Mexicana Vol XV - Num. 87 (Sept-Oct 2007). P. 30-35.Miller, Mary and Karl Taube. An Illustrated Dictionary of the Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya. New York: Thames Hudson, 1993.

A Midsummer Night s Dream By William Shakespeare - 817 Words

An Individual can make a Difference A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare is the story of a group of workmen preparing a play for the Duke, fairies in the forest and four Athenian lovers. This different groups of characters’ lives become entwined from the magic of the fairies. The characters of Puck, Peter Quince and Helena are characters used in a Midsummer Night’s Dream that show an individual can make a difference. These characters successfully show that an individual can make a difference. Puck is one character in a Midsummer Night’s Dream that makes a difference. Puck makes a big difference as he separates the fairy monarch, he weakens the relationship between the Athenian lovers and he causes chaos to the workers. In the play Puck retrieves a flower for Oberon. The liquid inside this flower makes people fall in love with the first person they see. As a result of Puck doing this he made a difference as Oberon used that flower to make the fairy queen Titania fall in love with Nick Bottom. Puck also used the love flower’s juices on Lysander instead of Demetrius. This split all the Athenian lovers apart as Lysander fell in love with Helena. This shows that an individual can make a difference as Puck weakens the relationship of the Athenian lovers. Puck also causes chaos to the workers as he changes Nick Bottom into a donkey which scared the rest of the workers. This again shows an individual can make a difference as Puck makes a difference to the group ofSh ow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1339 Words   |  6 PagesHonors For A Midsummer Night s Dream By William Shakespeare 1. Title of the book - The title of the book is called A Midsummer Night s Dream by William Shakespeare. 2. Author s name - The author of the book A Midsummer Night s Dream is William Shakespeare. 3. The year the piece was written - A Midsummer Night s Dream by William Shakespeare was believed to have been written between 1590-1596. 4. Major Characters - There are three major characters in the book A Midsummer Night s Dream by WilliamRead MoreA Midsummer Night s Dream By William Shakespeare1882 Words   |  8 PagesWritten during the Elizabethan era where gender roles played an important part in society and relationships, A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare portrays the interaction between both sexes, and the women’s response to the expectation of such norms. Although the characters: Hippolyta, Hermia, Helena, and Titania, are portrayed as objects (both sexual and material) contingent upon their male lovers, they are also given empowerment. During the Elizabethan Era, and present throughout MNDRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1474 Words   |  6 Pagesinstance, one could look at the movies A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Shakespeare in Love. The latter follows the life of William Shakespeare himself, everything from his love affair with Viola de Lesseps to his creation of Romeo and Juliet. A Midsummer Night’s Dream, is one of the most famous plays of Shakespeare’s, revolving around the tumultuous relationships of four lovers, aided, and sometimes thwarted by the mischief of fairies. Although Shakespeare in Love outlines a few of the characteristicsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1548 Words   |  7 Pagesspoken by Helena in Act 1 Scene 1 line 234, explains that it matters not what the eyes see but what the mind thinks it sees. In the play, A Midsummer Night s Dream, written by William Shakespeare, there are several instances where the act of seeing is being portrayed. The definition of vision is the ability to see, something you imagine or something you dream. This proves that even though one has the ability to see; the mind tends to interfere and sometimes presents a different picture. VariousRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream867 Words   |  4 Pagesspecifically how they will benefit that other person, you’re in love.† In A Midsummer Night s Dream, William Shakespeare intertwined each individual characters. Through the concept of true love and presented to the audiences a twisted yet romantic love story. The love stories of Renaissance are richly colorful, so Shakespeare used multiple literary techniques to present to the readers a vivid image of true love. Shakespeare applied metaphor in the lines of Lysander. In Act 1, scene 1, Lysander saysRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream990 Words   |  4 PagesSymbols in William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream Symbols help to play an important part in giving a deeper meaning to a story. William Shakespeare uses a variety of symbols in his play A Midsummer Night’s Dream and by using these symbols he offers some insight onto why certain events take place in the play. Symbols are sometimes hard to decipher but as the reader continues to read the symbol’s meaning might become more clear. Shakespeare uses a variety of symbols in A Midsummer Night’s DreamRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1397 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare’s comedies, like those of most Renaissance playwrights, involve love and its obstacles. Much of the comedy in A Midsummer Night’s Dream derives from the attempt of Lysander and Hermia to remain together while overcoming the adult authority figure who attempts to hinder the love of a young couple. The overcoming of an obstacle functions as a common motif in Renaissance comedy. The audience must wonder, however, whether Lysander and Hermia, as well as Demetrius and Helena, actually loveRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1207 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream has been categorized as a comedy play because of all the characters being passionately in love to the point of being foolish. It’s a play all about love, and the characters that are in love are only young adults, so they are still naive when it comes to love. Their naivety and foolishness regarding love is what allows them to be taken advantage of by mischievous fairies when they all run away into the woods. By critiquing the love affairs and numerousRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1277 Words   |  6 Pagestogether. Nor will love ever be a controllable compulsion. Maybe we are fools for going into the perilous, eccentric universe of love; yet what fun would life be without it? William Shakespeare s play A Midsummer Night s Dream investigates the unconventional, unreasonable and unpredictable nature of love during his time. Shakespeare conveys this through the main plot of the play, which is composed of the relationships between three couples. The three couples show examples of three different types ofRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1442 Words   |  6 Pages William Shakespeare is estimated to have lived from 1564 to about 1616. He is often recognized as great English poet, actor, and playwright, and paved the way for many on all of those categories. Over that span he wrote many pieces that are still relevant today such as Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Macbeth. I would like to take a deeper look into one on his pieces â€Å"A Midsummers Night’s Dream.† This piece is estimated to have first been preformed in about 1595 and then later published in 1600. Many

Relationship between a model and Similitude Free Essays

Relationship between a model and Similitude For a model, similitude is achieved when testing conditions are created such that the test results are applicable to the real design. There are some criteria that are required to achieve similitude; 1 . Geometric similarity – The model is the same shape as the application (they are usually scaled). We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship between a model and Similitude or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. Kinematic similarity – Fluid flow of both the model and real application must undergo similar time rates of change motions. (Fluid streamlines are similar). 3. Dynamic similarity – Ratios of all forces acting on orresponding fluid particles and boundary surfaces in the two systems are constant.The application is analyzed in order to satisfy the conditions; 1 . All parameters required to describe the system are Identified using principles from continuum mechanics. 2. Dimensional analysis is used to express the system with as few Independent variables and as many dimensionless parameters as possible. 3. The values of the dimensionless parameters are held to be the same for both the scale model and application. This can be done because they are dimensionless and will ensure dynamic similitude between the model and the application. The resulting equations are used to derive scaling laws which dictate model testing conditions. However, it is often impossible to achieve strict similitude during a model test. The greater the departure from the application’s operating conditions, the more difficult achieving similitude is. Similitude is a term used widely in fracture mechanics relating to the strain life approach. Under given loading onditions the fatigue damage in an unnotched specimen is comparable to that of a notched specimen. Similitude suggests that the component fatigue life of the two objects will also be similar. One example that we can give here Is the. Pipe friction apparatus has been designed for students to measure pipe friction losses for laminar and turbulent flows. For laminar flow study, an elevated head tank Is used for water supply, whilst for turbulent flow; the supply is from the Hydraulics Bench using oses with rapid action hose coupling. Students may control the flow rate of water by adjusting the flow regulator valve. The test section is connected to manometers via pressure tapplngs. The purpose (objectives) doing this experiment are; Measurement of the pressure loss for laminar flow Measurement of the pressure loss for turbulent flow Determination of the critical Reynolds’ number Measurements using a tube manometer Measurements using a mercury U tube manometer Reynolds number in pipe friction Pressure drops seen for fully developed flow of fluids through pipes can be predicted 1 OF2 uslng tne Moody Olagram wnlcn plots tne Darcy-welsoacn Trlctlon Tactor T against Reynolds number Re and relative roughness. The diagram clearly shows the laminar, transition, and turbulent flow regimes as Reynolds number increases. The nature of pipe flow is strongly dependent on whether the flow is laminar or turbulent. using the Moody diagram which plots the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor f against Reynolds number Re and relative roughness . The diagram clearly shows the laminar, How to cite Relationship between a model and Similitude, Papers

Kendrick Lamar free essay sample

He does not promote the partying, drugs, and sex that most rappers glorify in their music. Lamar has little of Drakes pop and gloss, zero chart-friendly Euro-beats and no obvious single, while the only mentions of cars and cash are to confirm that he has neither making him a great model to take advice from through music. He is not afraid to talk about obvious issues that are not brought to peoples attention. Hip-hop is a little more grown up now, Lamar has said in various conversations. Normally you would t have hardcore rappers attempting to talk about anything like a gay marriage cause they would feel it was wrong for their mage.When you get people in hip-hop unafraid to discuss these topics, it is an evolution. Lamar puts this down to the fact hes put his vulnerabilities on show. At the end of the day his success is because people perceived him as a human being rather than an action figure that cant be touched. We will write a custom essay sample on Kendrick Lamar or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page People are used to music that justifies street culture but something thats not touched on is why these kids act the way they act, live the way they live. Enlighten the youth on the opportunities and chances that lie ahead of them are reasons why Kindlier Lamar is one of he best rappers right now.He prides himself on how he formulates his words, to keep his storytelling consistently deep and intricate. Kindlier Lamar Ductwork Was born in Compton in 1987 to a family steeped in gang culture. His father had been part of Chicago infamous Gangster Disciples, and his attempts to leave that life were thwarted when he and Lamas mother landed in the crack-flooded, gang-polluted Compton of the 1 sass. Though both parents worked regular jobs, some of their extended family became embroiled in the internecine conflict between the Crisp and Bloods.Lamas uncle was shot and killed, and various cousins went to prison. Lamas music intrigues these things of his life but it is not the negative things he states in his work it is the knowledge he knows and his album artwork is a photo of a young Lamar with his dad, whos holding a rather large shotgun. In conclusion to why Kindlier Lamar is the best rapper of this time is a mutual relation of ethnic backgrounds because from the time him and his peers were born in the ass, when crack was everywhere, his friends had no figure to guide them. Father in jail, mother strung out.He knew he was blessed with a gift of having both parents. That gave him a little more insight on doing the right thing. His parents being there gave me a whole lot of confidence. His sense for composition and his lyrical ability, so keenly felt from a young age that he had to put it to use. Storytelling was something he found a knack for. Now his words are heard throughout the world and he still has time to develop more statements and lyrics to enlighten the youth and world on what is happening and how we can come together and create a better world and not plan a terrible demise for ourselves.

QVC SUCCESS, STRATEGY AND CHALLENGES essayEssay Writing Service

QVC SUCCESS, STRATEGY AND CHALLENGES essayEssay Writing Service QVC: SUCCESS, STRATEGY AND CHALLENGES essay QVC: SUCCESS, STRATEGY AND CHALLENGES essayDespite the fact that QVC emerged in the televised shopping industry much later than its competitors, it managed to quickly surpass them in many ways. Today, it occupies a dominant place in the television-retail sphere. The success of the company can be explained by strong commitment of its workers to quality and convenience of the products offered to the customers. The company also has a competitive advantage in the television-retail market. There are a number of reasons of why QVC became a leader in the television-retail industry during a short period of time. Among the reasons for the company’s success are close attention to the competitor’s weaknesses and strengths, employment of qualified TV producers with much experience in the required field and maintenance of high quality of the television-retail products. The three major values of the company are quality, convenience and value (Williamson, 1999). These principles form the basis of the company’s route to success. Each product of QVC undergoes strict quality control tests before they reach the TV screens. Finally, one more key to success of QVC is a guarantee of absolute money back assuring first-time and repeat customers in the trustworthiness of the company (Gudelunas, 2002).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The basis of the QVC’s strategy is customer orientation. Thus, back in the 1990s, the company created its own internet division to prove its loyalty to convenience. Over the years, the website of the company has undergone many changes and became more customer-friendly and convenient to use. The customers can put online orders 24 hours per day and 7 days per week. Furthermore, QVC aims at staying far ahead of its competitors by diversifying the range of products it offers to the customers (Williamson, 1999). The strategy of the company includes constantly improving the variety of goods that now range from clothing and accessories to electronic devices and food. The company also aims at learning the needs of its target audience to optimize the sales process. Moreover, QVC uses professional advertising campaigns to make its brand different from its competitors. Finally, the strategy of QVC is the controlled and well-though expansion of the company. Today, its products can be purchased worldwide from Great Britain and Germany to Japan (Gudelunas, 2002).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ever since the company has occupied a leading position in the television-retail industry, its major challenge is to be in advantage over its competitors and be focused on the expansion and growth in the future. So as to make sure that QVC maximizes its profits, the management of the company has to deal with a challenge of inventing new goods that would ensure high profits gained by the company (Porter, 1999). In order to make the business even more profitable, the customers’ desires should be met to full extent and QVC strives at achieving this goal. However, this can be a difficult process requiring resources and much time. The company strives at evolving so as to discover new products that would meet the needs of the mass market and still be of the highest quality which is the top priority of the company. QVC also faces a challenge of attracting the attention of new customers and expanding its client base so as to prevent the decline (Gudelunas, 2002). The company has successfully ventured into the new industrial markets in Great Britain, Germany and Japan, but the company’s expansion should not stop at this point. Today, QVC makes efforts to venture into other markets worldwide to further expand its customer base. Furthermore, another challenge for QVC is the planning related to future business environment. That is why the management of the company constantly strives for protecting the well-being of the brand evaluating the business environment (Porter, 1999). It shou ld be admitted that as long as the QVC Company does not lose its core mission of quality, convenience and value, it will most likely remain on the top of popularity in current and future television-retail industry.

Tips for Creating and Scoring Essay Tests

Tips for Creating and Scoring Essay Tests Essay tests are useful for teachers when they want students to select, organize, analyze, synthesize, and/or evaluate information. In other words, they rely on the upper levels of Blooms Taxonomy. There are two types of essay questions: restricted and extended response. Restricted Response - These essay questions limit what the student will discuss in the essay based on the wording of the question. For example, State the main differences between John Adams and Thomas Jeffersons beliefs about federalism, is a restricted response. What the student is to write about has been expressed to them within the question.Extended Response - These allow students to select what they wish to include in order to answer the question. For example, In Of Mice and Men, was Georges killing of Lennie justified? Explain your answer. The student is given the overall topic, but they are free to use their own judgment and integrate outside information to help support their opinion. Student Skills Required for Essay Tests Before expecting students to perform well on either type of essay question, we must make sure that they have the required skills to excel. Following are four skills that students should have learned and practiced before taking essay exams: The ability to select appropriate material from the information learned in order to best answer the question.The ability to organize that material in an effective manner.The ability to show how ideas relate and interact in a specific context.The ability to write effectively in both sentences and paragraphs. Constructing an Effective Essay Question Following are a few tips to help in the construction of effective essay questions: Begin with the lesson objectives in mind. Make sure to know what you wish the student to show by answering the essay question.Decide if your goal requires a restricted or extended response. In general, if you wish to see if the student can synthesize and organize the information that they learned, then restricted response is the way to go. However, if you wish them to judge or evaluate something using the information taught during class, then you will want to use the extended response.If you are including more than one essay, be cognizant of time constraints. You do not want to punish students because they ran out of time on the test.Write the question in a novel or interesting manner to help motivate the student.State the number of points that the essay is worth. You can also provide them with a time guideline to help them as they work through the exam.If your essay item is part of a larger objective test, make sure that it is the last item on the exam. Scoring the Essay Item One of the downfalls of essay tests is that they lack in reliability. Even when teachers grade essays with a well-constructed rubric, subjective decisions are made. Therefore, it is important to try and be as reliable as possible when scoring your essay items. Here are a few tips to help improve reliability in grading: Determine whether you will use a holistic or analytic scoring system before you write your rubric. With the holistic grading system, you evaluate the answer as a whole, rating papers against each other. With the analytic system, you list specific pieces of information and award points for their inclusion.Prepare the essay rubric in advance. Determine what you are looking for and how many points you will be assigning for each aspect of the question.Avoid looking at names. Some teachers have students put numbers on their essays to try and help with this.Score one item at a time. This helps ensure that you use the same thinking and standards for all students.Avoid interruptions when scoring a specific question. Again, consistency will be increased if you grade the same item on all the papers in one sitting.If an important decision like an award or scholarship is based on the score for the essay, obtain two or more independent readers.Beware of negative influences that can affect essay s coring. These include handwriting and writing style bias, the length of the response, and the inclusion of irrelevant material. Review papers that are on the borderline a second time before assigning a final grade.