Nature of the Mind Essay - 810 Words

William Blake, a poet that strongly believed in the power of mind, once wrote, if we see with imagination, we see all things in the infinite. The Romantic poets use their imagination when gazing at nature, and therefore see and feel the infinite through their poetry. William Wordsworth expresses the serene beauty that nature possesses and its calming effects on the mind. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, one of the poetic geniuses of the age, uses nature and his imagination to create surreal atmospheres. Another Romantic poet, by the name of Percy Bysshe Shelley, shows great longing for the freedom that nature possesses and the freeing effect it has on him. These poets of the Romantic period look at nature from a higher consciousness†¦show more content†¦He expresses the minds ability to take a beautiful scene and create a calm and content feeling throughout his thoughts. Samuel Taylor Coleridge uses nature as a catalyst to search deeper into his mind and discover the surreal creativity of his own imagination. This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison depicts an out-of-body vision that encompasses a breathtaking vista of green mountains and purple flowers from the eyes of an imaginer. Gazing at it with swimming sense, the picture becomes less gross than bodily, causing the swirling colors to form something only found in the divine. However surreal this picture is, nothing can compare to Cloleridges vision in Kubla Khan. In this poem he uses natures creations to depict unnatural scenes. In caverns measureless to man, Kubla Khan wants to build a sunny pleasure-dome with caves of ice. Such a place is only real in the imagination and in the written word, which is why this poem seems so tangible to the eye. He comes across these imaginary visions while meandering with a mazy motion through wood and dale, where these thoughts come alive. It explains through al literation how walking through wooded paths, accompanied only by ones mind, one comes upon new feelings and thoughts that are only palpable in that wood. Nature inspires Samuel Coleridge to exorcise his minds eye and create a heavenly atmosphere. Percy Bysshe Shelley looks up toShow MoreRelatedHuman Nature And The Mind974 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Nature and The Mind Human nature and the mind have been studied for ages. As humans, we tend to think, feel, and act in certain ways that are often elucidated by nature and evolution. In fields such as Psychology, Philosophy, and Science, human nature and the mind have been extensively studied to develop theories about why humans act, think, and feel that way that we do. It is believed by some that humans are born a certain way by nature. There are three ways that people tend to believe humansRead MoreThe Nature Of The Human Mind1415 Words   |  6 Pages The Cogito argument, â€Å"I think, therefore I am† was a statement made by Descartes and is valid. The Second Meditation, â€Å"The nature of the human mind, and how it is better known than the body† the meditator is determined in his decision to search for uncertainty and to dispose anything that is false and contains the slightest doubt. The meditator supposes that what he sees does not exist, his memory is defective. He claims that , â€Å"†¦ he has no sense, no body, and movements and places are mistaken ideasRead MoreThe Nature Of The Human Mind878 Words   |  4 Pagesmeditation is titled, Concerning the Nature of the Human Mind: That it is Better Known than the Body. In his second meditation, Descartes argues that the human mind exists merely by itself without any physical representation in the world. 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Kanwisher states in an inaugural article, â€Å"Understanding the nature of the human mind is arguably the greatest intellectual quest of all time. It is also one of the most challenging, requiring the combined insights not only of psychologists, computer scientists, and neuroscientists but of thinkers in nearly every intellectual pursuit, from biology and mathematics to art and anthropology† (2010). The impacts occur whenRead MoreThe Nature Of Mind By David Armstrong Essay1772 Words   |  8 PagesIn David Armstrong’s thought-provoking work titled, The Nature of Mind, he explains that the most convincing way to make sense of the mind-body problem is to approach it in a materialistic way. Specifically, Armstrong shows that the science of physico-chemical processes of the brain is the best way to explain the nature of our mind. He goes on to explain traditional and dispositional behaviorism, and states his own materialistic take on behaviorism. His arguments throughout his paper are very logicalRead MoreThe Nature of the Human Mind and the Human Body1095 Words   |  4 PagesDescartes talks about the nature of the human mind, and how the mind relates to the human body. With his famous declaration, I am, I exist, Descartes claims that â€Å"I† am â€Å"a thinking thing†, and therefore â€Å"I† exist (17-18). He also argues that the mind is better known than the body. In the Sixth Meditation, he further argues that there must be a clear distinction between mind and body. However, there is surely some connection between these two. In The Treatise on Human Nature, Aquinas argues that theRead MoreAnalyzing Armstrongs Nature of Mind Essay737 Words   |  3 PagesAnalyzing Armstrong’s â€Å"The Nature of Mind† In David M. Armstrong’s â€Å"The Nature of Mind†, Armstrong praises the field of science and seeks to put the concept of mind into terms that agree with science’s definition of minds. His interest is in the physico-chemical, materialist view of man. Armstrong considers science to be the authority over other disciplines because of its reliability and result in consensus over disputed questions. Armstrong’s main argument is as follows: P1: Mental statesRead More Hamlet - The Imbalance of the Idealistic Mind and Human Nature1334 Words   |  6 Pages- The Imbalance of the Idealistic Mind and Human Nature  Ã‚   It is often heard: Nobody is Perfect. This phrase is often used as a rationalization of foolish human mistakes that could have been prevented.   However, this statement has a much more profound significance. It contains an important lesson that guides or rather should guide people through life.   By admitting that nobody is perfect, the individual demonstrates a deeper understanding of the human nature and inner self. This knowledge isRead MoreEssay on HUMAN BEINGS AND NATURE DURING THE REVOLUTION OF THE MIND3395 Words   |  14 PagesHUMAN BEINGS AND NATURE DURING THE REVOLUTION OF THE MIND Enlightenment is mans release from his self-incurred tutelage. Tutelage is mans inability to make use of his understanding without direction from another. Self-incurred is this tutelage when its cause lies not in lack of reason but in lack of resolution and courage to use it without direction from another. Dare to Know! Have courage to use your own reason!- that is the motto of enlightenment. -Immanuel Kant, 1784 (1) From the

Irrationalism Free Essays

string(66) " in western culture for the first time in the nineteenth century\." TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1: Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 2: What is Irrationalism?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. We will write a custom essay sample on Irrationalism or any similar topic only for you Order Now . 2 3: Origins of Irrationalism†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 3. 1: The Limits of Rationalism†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 3. 2: The Religious Issue†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 4: Historical Synopsis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 4. 1: Ancient Greek Era†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 4. 2: Medieval Mysticism†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 4. 3: Modern Era†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4. 4: The Historical Culmination of Irrationalism†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 4. 5: The Twentieth Century†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 5: Critical Evaluation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 5. 1: Irrational vs. non-rational†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 6: Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 7: References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 1. 0: INTRODUCTION: The term irrationalism, which depicts a 19th and early 20th century philosophical movement, is a trend that claims to enrich or broaden human apprehension of life beyond the horizon of reason. This movement, as shall be demonstrated in this work, arose as a sort of reaction against the traditional over bloating of the capacities of human reason. Thus, it sought to incorporate other aspects of human life such emotions, will, passion and even faith. Accordingly, such movements like voluntarism, mysticism or religion, romanticism et al, find their place within this trend. But it must be noted at once that this movement does not seek to negate or refute the capacities of human reason. Instead it seeks to postulate that with rationality alone, human beings cannot explore certain areas of life which are in themselves unavoidable experiential data of human life. It is to delineate elaborately on the tenets of this trend that this work is poised to do. To achieve this, we have opted to render this exposition in accordance with the above given outline. 2. 0: WHAT IS IRRATIONALISM? Irrationalism refers to â€Å"any movement of thought that emphasizes the non-rational or irrational element of reality over and above the rational† . More than a school of thought, irrationalism is a multi-faceted reaction against the dominance of rationalism. As such, it played a significant role in western culture towards the end of the nineteenth century and at the beginning of the twentieth century. Irrationalism need not be opposed to reason. It can consist of a simple awareness that the rational aspect of things tends to be overemphasized and that this needs to be compensated by an emphasis on intuition, feeling, emotions, and the subconscious, etc . 3. 0: ORIGINS OF IRRATIONALISM: There are at least two main sources of irrationalism, viz: ?The Limits of Rationalism: First, we see that even the most consistently rationalist approach of the world will yield, in the end, some ultimate notions that can no longer be grasped or expressed through rational language. Such include questions of truth, goodness, beauty, and so on). This clearly appears in ancient Greek philosophy. In the eighteenth century Enlightenment, a somewhat superficial confidence in reason was often maintained, and the question about ultimate realities was thus avoided. Still, Voltaire, a typical representative of the â€Å"Lumieres,† was very skeptical about the natural lights of human reason and the ability to find definitive answers. Nineteenth century Positivism, finally, appeared as the culmination of human confidence in reason based on scientific advances. The positivists’ belief that scientific reason would make all other approaches obsolete, however, was soon largely rejected as a naive illusion. Irrationalism has therefore acted as a recurrent challenge to the belief that analytical or deductive reasoning was the alpha and omega of human mental activity . The Religious Issue: A second challenge to the preponderance of reason has come from the religious side. All the world’s religious traditions, based on immediate experience as much as revelation, have an acute awareness that the human predicament is at odds with the very ideal of perfection and happiness. In Christian thought, there is the dual notion of God’s j udgment and his grace, a position best expressed by the apostle Paul and revived most famously by the Reformers, such as Martin Luther King Jnr. nd Jean Calvin. The very notion of sin in a world created by an omnipotent and good God seems contradictory to reason. This dissonance is heightened by such paradoxical biblical formulations like, â€Å"those who want to live will die and those who want to die will live† and â€Å"the first shall be the last. † Thus, in the religious context, irrationalism takes on the nature of paradox and mystery. It is not possible for unaided human reason to fully grasp the meaning of the human condition. It has to be accepted that two basic facts (God and evil) coexists in a way that cannot be rationally explained. Only faith or spiritual intuition can somehow comprehend what is meaningless for reason alone. This position maintains a strong presence, even where attempts at offering rational explanations abound. In various different contexts, other world religions have approached the same basic issue and offered a response that invariably amounted to a rejection of rationalism . In the religious world of the Far East (notably India and China), the response has often been sought in higher wisdom involving spiritual perception and allowing the believer to see how seemingly contradictory notions can harmonize on a higher plane. There is also a general insistence on the need to find the right attitude in approaching everyday life and its ultimate questions. Finally, in Zen Buddhism, enlightenment through direct experience, by which one is jolted out of one’s habitual condition, is seen as the answer. Thus, religion’s response to the limits of reason tends to have a strong emotional, experiential, and voluntary component. 4. 0: HISTORICAL SYNOPSIS: The history of western philosophy has been overwhelmingly dominated by the notion that reason and intellect determine the value of thought, culminating in eighteenth century rationalism, nineteenth century positivism, and twentieth century logical positivism . Irrationalism has thus mostly been a secondary reaction defended by a few minor figures, an element embedded in the thought of otherwise rational thinkers, or an underlying and largely hidden element. A closer look, however, reveals the importance of non-rational issues and the emotional factor, notably in fields like ethics, aesthetics, education, axiology, and even such a bulwark of rationalism as epistemology. Irrationalism became a major force in western culture for the first time in the nineteenth century. You read "Irrationalism" in category "Essay examples" Its impact reached far beyond philosophy and the academia and was felt in the whole of society, including the political sphere, from the Romantic period to World War II, and beyond. ?Ancient Greek Era: Ancient Greek philosophy is generally recognized as the paragon of rational thinking. Its giants, Plato and Aristotle, viewed the rational mind as the essence of human identity. For Plato in particular, the realm of emotions linked to physical existence represented the lower counterpart to the eternal beauty and goodness of immaterial, rational souls. But his philosophy in fact culminates in a strongly mystical form of idealism. The immortality of the soul, eternal truth and beauty in particular, are introduced as the result of a higher insight, not of deductive or analytical thought. Such a trend continued in Neo-Platonism. Plato and his mentor Socrates are also related to the Mystery religions of ancient Greece which are often referred to in mythical form in the Platonic dialogues . The Eleusian Mysteries and the Delphic Sibyl are two examples of what Nietzsche would later call the â€Å"Dionysian element of exuberance and spiritual drunkenness† in Greek culture—an element that would combine with the plastic and formal element of light, the Apollonian element, to produce the masterpieces of Greek culture. In earlier Greek philosophy, that element could already be found in the works of Empedocles and Pythagoras. It was very influential in Greek tragedy and poetry. The cryptic aphorisms of Heraclitus, another pre-Socratic philosopher, also stand in stark contrast to the smooth flow of rational discourse, though his dialectic does not directly advocate irrationalism . Finally, the notion of destiny of fate arbitrarily willed by the gods of the Olymp constitutes an endorsement of irrationalism. Within such notions, things don’t make sense. They just have to be accepted. ?Medieval Mysticism: In medieval thought, irrationalism appears in the form of mysticism and voluntarism. Even Thomas Aquinas, probably the most rationally oriented of the middle age theologians, had a mystical experience towards the end of his life in which it appeared to him that all he had written was like â€Å"straw† . Mystically oriented writers like Meister Eckhart and Jakob Bohme saw knowledge of God as limited to negative theology. For the via negativa, the only positive statements that could be made about God were those negating ossible limitations of his Being (God is not finite, etc. ). The whole history of medieval thought – which reflected Christianity, Judaism and Muslim—was about defining the boundaries of the rational philosophical approach in its confrontation with faith, i. e. an approach that transcends human reason. ?Modern Era: Among the great metaphysicians of the seventeenth century such as Descartes, Leibniz , inter alia, French Catholic thinker Blaise Pascal represents an illustrious exception. The highly intellectually gifted mathematician came as an early precursor of Christian existentialism and famously stated that the â€Å"heart has its reasons that are unknown to reason† . Pascal also made the equally famous distinction between the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob and the â€Å"God of the philosophers,† i. e. , understanding through revelation and understanding through reason . Pascal’s position somehow forms a continuation of the Augustinian tradition defended by Duns Scotus and its volutaristic emphasis on the will to believe, rather than rational conviction. The Historical Culmination of Irrationalism: The real breakthrough of irrationalism came with the backlash against the rationalism of the Enlightenment and the subsequent wave of Positivism. At the end of the eighteenth century, Immanuel Kant had concluded that reason cannot give certain and ultimate knowledge about reality, especially not about God and the transcendent. In this, he wanted to make place for faith, which he also saw as a form of reason. The question over what counts as reason and what does not would thus later become an important one. For many, â€Å"anything not related to scientific knowledge of the empirically known universe does not qualify as reason† . For others, especially in the era of Romanticism, â€Å"the mind’s innate ability to recognize the reality of the Ultimate represents the highest peak of reason† . At this point, one has a convergence between rationalism and irrationalism, with mostly a difference of terminology. Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, Jakob Friedrich Fries, and Johann Georg Hamann are noted representatives of that period . The German Idealists are another example of thought systems developed with great emphasis on rational thought, but culminating in often highly irrational speculation. This is true even of Hegel, and his panlogism, and much more so Schelling, especially in his later, mystical phase . With Arthur Schopenhauer, irrationalism is embraced fully in the form of voluntarism . A blind will is presented as the foundation of existence, while the world of rational representations only forms the deceptive surface of things (in ways similar to Indian thought). Friedrich Nietzsche was equally skeptical of the west’s rational tradition and its shallow ethical codes, stressing such notions as the will to power and the playfulness of a child . In the Christian tradition, Soren Kierkegaard was strongly critical of the rational constructions of Hegel and proposed the â€Å"leap of faith† of the existentialist attitude as an alternative. His overall orientation, usually without the Christian connotation, would be maintained in the thought of twentieth century existentialists like Jean-Paul Sartre. For Henri Bergson, whose intuitivism was based on the notion of elan vital (vital thrust), rational thought was equally ill-equipped to grasp the essence of things. Finally, even a strongly intellectual philosophy like Edmund Husserl’s phenomenology is based on intuition as an element that comes prior to rational analysis in the perception of reality. The above list of names, to which many others could be added, exemplifies what Paul Tillich had in mind when he referred to the strong irrational undercurrent in western thought. Philosophical irrationalism would expand into many other areas of culture, including history (as shown in the works of Wilhelm Dilthey and Oswald Spengler) and, most famously in psychoanalysis (as shown in the works of Sigmund Freud, Carl-Gustav Jung). The latter’s implication is that irrational unconscious forces are really shaping human life. William James would espouse another form of non-rational emphasis in explaining the workings of the mind and that is Pragmatism, which argues that positions are essentially justified when they work. The Twentieth Century: The clash between rationalism and irrationalism would continue throughout the twentieth century, with rationalism being reinforced by the stunning development of science and irrationalism being bolstered by the obvious senselessness of many world events. A possible point of convergence has been contemporary science’s recognition of the inadequacy of the traditional mechanistic worldview and its advocacy of a muc h greater sophistication in attempts to grasp the nuances of its key notions. This has led many to abandon scientific reductionism and its denial of the unfathomable realm of the spirit. In the philosophical world, postmodernism has seen a wholesale rejection of all hitherto accepted certainties. Thus, there is paradox of a contemporary world where humankind has a firmer grasp and control over natural phenomena than ever, but one in which, at the same time, the rational nature of that world has been increasingly challenged in ontology and epistemology as well as in ethics (e. g. Nietzsche and more recently Michel Foucault and their refusal to accept given norms) . 5. 0: CRITICAL EVALUATION: From the foregoing, it is clear that much of what passes for irrationalism, in fact, does not challenge the validity of reason, but rather opens the possibilities of other realms of investigation that had been previously ignored by the rationalist tradition. This comes together with a rebellion against the rationalization of a reality that is perceived as absurd or ethical rules that are perceived to be abusive in their pretension to be rationally grounded. Nevertheless, the thrust of our evaluation herein shall focus on distinguishing between two terms that may seem compounded. This shall enable us with the ability to conclude whether the philosophers of this trend were either irrational or non-rational. ?Irrational vs. Non-rational: The difference between non-rational and irrational is not as easy to define as it may appear. German authors, like the philosopher of religion Rudolf Otto, often use the equivalent of the English â€Å"irrational,† but translators of their writings prefer to use â€Å"non-rational† to avoid giving the impression of an anti-rational bias. Indeed, in a context such as Otto’s, irrational is meant to convey the meaning of something that eludes the grasp of reason, a depth dimension of the human psyche that cannot be appropriately expressed in rational language. It does not mean that the author rejects the rational discourse altogether. In the case of Otto, the contrary is the case. This author strongly stresses the need for academic discourse to proceed according to strict rational rules and to avoid the excesses of romantic enthusiasm. Otto merely wants to show that reason is not alone and that once it has spoken, something remains that can nly be grasped intuitively and expressed in symbols. Similarly, today’s sociology of religion generally understands myths as a genuine and irreplaceable component of the human discourse, one that can express certain realities better than straight scientific talk and even reach where that talk cannot go. There is no negative connotation attached to myth under these circu mstances. 6. 0: CONCLUSION: In the end, the understanding of irrationalism in the sense of non-rational or irrational is a matter of worldview. For those who consider that the universe and if applicable, the Supreme Being, form a whole that is non-contradictory and where intellect, emotion, and will coexist harmoniously as different aspects of that reality, non-rational will have to be chosen as the proper expression. In that perspective, irrational will have to be reserved for the cases of opinions or behavior that fails to abide by the accepted rules of reason—not to describe that which transcends the realm of reason. In the main, few will defend a strong version of the opposite position that contradiction lies at the heart of everything. Such a position would make any discourse impossible, including that of those who hold this position. But various thinkers have emphasized the paradoxical nature of reality. In such a view, reality may not be fully contradictory, but it presents essential features that will always stand in paradoxical position to each other. Such is in general, the position of dialectical philosophy. Other strong forms of irrationalism are those which argue a fundamentally absurd nature of the world or the complete irrelevance of the rational discourse. Be these as they may, we rest our case in the contention that irrationalism stands at par with rationalism with only a slight difference in their respective emphasis. REFERENCES: ?Benne, Kenneth D, Contemporary Irrationalism and the Idea of Rationality, In: Studies in Philosophy and Education. Volume 6, Number 4 / December, 1969 ? Bergson, Henri, Creative Evolution. Dover Publications, 1998, ISBN 978-0486400365 ? Dewolf, L. H, Religious Revolt Against Reason, Greenwood Publishing, ISBN 978-0837100616 ? Kierkegaard, Soren, Concluding Unscientific Postscript. Princeton University Press, 1941. ISBN 978-0691019604 ? Kierkegaard, Soren, and Howard Vincent. Philosophical Fragments, Princeton University Press, 1962. ISBN 978-0691019550 ? Nietzsche, Friedrich, Beyond Good and Evil. Digireads. com, 2005, ISBN 978-1420922509 ? Nietzsche, Friedrich, and Walter Kaufmann, On the Genealogy of Morals and Ecce Homo, Vintage, 1989. ISBN 978-0679724629 ? Pascal, Blaise, Pensees, LGF Livre de Poche, 2000, ISBN 978-2253160694 ? Plato, The Symposium, Penguin Classics, 2003, ISBN 978-0140449273 ? Schopenhauer, Arthur, â€Å"Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung†, 1818/1819, vol. 2: 1844 (The World as Will and Representation, sometimes also known in English as The World as Will and Idea), Dover Publications, 1966. ISBN 978-0486217628. ?Stumpf, Samuel E, â€Å"Philosophy: History and Problems†, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 1221, Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10020, ISBN 0-07-240635-6, Sixth Edition, 2003. OTHER SOURCES: ?Encyclopedia Britannica. com. ?Guide to Philosophy on the Internet. ?Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ?The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. How to cite Irrationalism, Essay examples

Organizational Structure And Culture - Comparison And Contrast

Question: Understand the relationship between organisational structure and culture. Understand different approaches to management and leadership. Understand ways of using motivational theories in organisations. Understand mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organisations. Answer: Introduction The organization structure depends on the viewpoint of the head of the organization and its employees manifest the culture of the organization. The owner of the business maintains the different approach to management and leadership as it is something that cannot be changed with the passing time (Saenz et al. 2015). The ways of using motivational theories in an organization should be implemented as it fosters the growth of the company. The mechanism for developing effective teamwork in the organization helps the employees to work efficiently. This particular study firmly focuses on analyzing the relationship between various organization structure and culture in terms of starting new organization in business industry. This study also executes different approaches of management and leadership style as well as strategies. Moreover, this study also describes the motivational theories that help in motivating employees and developing teamwork within the organizational workplace. Understanding the Relationship between Organizational Structure and Culture Comparison and Contrast of Different Organizational Cultures and Structures Comparison and Contrast of Different Organizational Structures In terms of developing new organization several organizational structure must be considered such as Technology: Harper (2015) opined that technology is the combination of knowledge resources and techniques that helps in creating products or services of the firm. The key elements included in the structure are departmentalization (on what points the grouping of jobs will be done), work specialization (activities subdivided into separate jobs), decentralization and centralization (source of making decision authority), formalization (it is the degree of making regulations and rules to assist employees and managers). Strategy: This allows the organization in positioning a competitive environment and shaping the design of the firm. Moreover, it also helps in developing the organizational uniqueness regarding selling. Environment: In terms of running successful business, need to receive inputs from the environment in the place of business operation and sell their outputs within the environment. Scale: majority of the larger organizations earn benefits through building economies of scale by involving greater complexity that sophisticated organizational designs. Apart from that, there are several merits of organizational structures that is showing in the table Functional Structure Product Structure Geographic Structure Vertical Specialization Deliver clear services with the aligned skills and training of individuals Easily explain to customers, employees, suppliers, through problem that are recognized Lead for the growth of sectional interests with the hierarchy and reinforcement People are grouped based on expertise for the large numbers of products or services Support expansion of skills and rapid diversion Incentive and reward structure based on successful achievements of individual product lines Helps in effective decision making for large amount of supply chain methods Provide decentralized approach Help in maintaining personal relationship Provide clear outline of separation of authority and activities Outline the hierarchical ranking Comparison and Contrast of Different Organizational Culture The British management writer, (Charles Handy), classified organizational culture by the power of individuals roles and functions within an organization. The identification is of four types of corporate culture Zeus, Apollo, Athens and Dionysius and named them after the ancient Greek gods (Russo et al. 2013). In terms of developing new business, eight cultural characteristic have to maintain Simplicity according to the possibility Core Competency Bias for action Entrepreneurship and Autonomy Displaying Corporate Value (Publishing Annual Report) Loose tight properties People Productivity (Providing Rewards) Staying close to customer Apart from that, there are several core corporate cultural models in the business industry such as Figure 1: Models of Organizational Culture (Source: French and Rayner 2008, pp- 209) Relationship between culture and an organization structure The link through an organization's culture and structure can impact the appraisal of the business in many ways. The structures, as well as culture, are reciprocal of each other and functions parallel (Cummings and Worley 2014). The culture cannot be imposed people will have to follow it or build it with their will on anyone. Figure 2: Relationship between Organizational Structure and Culture (Source: Pless, Maak and Waldman 2012, pp- 63) The boundary between one organization and other is defines by different culture, improves the stability of the organization and conveys a sense of knowingness for its members. Due to all the bounds and limitations, which affect the employee or an individual the performance of the business somehow, deflects in some form or other. Hence, for a successful business, emphasis should be kept in the culture of the organization and regular checks should be done to maintain the code of conduct of every employee. Description of Factors that influence individual behaviors at work The reasons, which influence behavior of individuals at work, are organization structure, organization culture, personality, perception, dedication, incentives and working conditions (Robbins et al. 2013). If all these factors are followed appropriately by every individual in the organization, then the business will benefit and will gain profits whereas will keep every individual happy with the working conditions. The employees, as well as the chief of the organization, maintain the organization culture. Factors Details Attention Way of learning information helps in reducing demand of attention Memory Things and method impose information access Logical Reasoning Decision making severe implications Perception Neglecting misunderstand will help in influencing people at workplace Table 1: Factors that influence individuals at work (Source: Cummings and Worley 2014, pp-512) The perception should be made by every individual but for the betterment of the organization and in productive manner and grapevine should not be encouraged (Cichocki and Irwin 2014). The incentive is a way to make employees work with efficiency and for extra hours to complete the task. The working condition of any organization depends on its structure and the size of the business. Understanding different approaches to management and leadership Comparison of the Effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organizations The leadership skill is a valid attribute in the management of organizations. There is no one leadership style, which can be implemented in every situation. The leadership style has to be applied according to the positions in business (Swaen et al. 2013). The styles of leadership differ and there are few styles of leadership like Country Club leadership in which production is low, but people are high, produce or perish leadership in it the production is high and people is low, impoverished leadership in which both production and people are low. Autocratic Style: This type of leaders makes the decision without taking any reference from others. The effectiveness of country club leadership is that it will always keep the employees happy as production is low in it and there is not too much work. In addition, this type of leaders also creates alienation and de-motivation. However, Bardhan, Krishnan and Lin (2013) opined that autocratic leadership style is more valuable where decision need to be made quickly and decisively. Democratic Leadership Style: The impoverished leadership is one in which production is low so there is not too much work to do that is why people is also low. In the middle-of-the-road leadership the production is medium hence the people are also medium. Lastly, the team leadership is one in which production is high as well as people is also high. Autocratic Style Democratic Style Delegative Style (Laissez-Faire) Make decision without reference Valuable in quick decision making Alienation and de-motivate to staff Encourage decision making Emphasized the organization Delay in decision making Make creative ideas Make coordination Realise effective team work Table 2: Comparison of Different Leadership styles (Source: Lazaroiu 2015) Delegative Leadership style (Laissez-Faire): The key quote of this style is the Let it be. These types of leaders are responsible for all shared information to all. Where creative ideas are required, this type of leads are played crucial role. In the produce or perish leadership the production is high so it will not keep the people much happy because of the workload. Explanation of Organizational Theory that underpins Practice of management Scientific Management: According to Taylor (2004), managers within the organization need to be trained. Therefore, this theory will help the organization in providing appropriate training to their higher-level management staffs. The theory, which is associated with organization, is necessary to practice as it fosters the behavior and nature of an organization, which helps in the practice of management. If an organization maintains its principles for behavior and nature, then the employees have a good etiquette. Classical Management Theories: The management function includes roles like planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling (Haslam et al. 2014). If correct organization theories are practiced, then the management can be practiced properly. Webers Theory of Bureaucracy: The nature of the organization has to be understood to practice the management properly by the Directorate. The objective of the organization is to make the management understand the nature and behavior of the organization. The management should be taught or given classes for practicing organizational behavior. Faylors Principe of Management: The proper practice of management can only be conducted if the organizational behavior, nature of the organization can be well understood by the Directorate. If you are interested in changing your leadership style and organizational theory, then a meeting should be conducted for us to discuss further. Therefore, the major principles are Unity of Command Organizational Hierarchy Division of Labor Esprit de corps Discipline Evaluation of Different approaches of management by different organizations Bureaucratic Approach: The bureaucratic approach is followed by most of the organizations as it is not bound to use any particular approach rather it functions based on the environment of the organization and hence it is used the most (Pless et al. 2012). Scientific Approach: The scientific management is of not much use as it is quite complex and most organizations does not favor it. Time Study Separation Planning Scientific recruitment Training Analysis of Job Financial Initiatives Standardization Table 3: Different approaches of management Source: (Taylor, 2014) Administrative Approach: There are some principles in administrative approach such as discipline at work, remuneration, equity, initiatives, scalar chain, unity of direction. Ways of using motivational theories in organization and its understandings Discussion of the impact of different leadership style on motivational in organization Autocratic Leadership: The effects of motivation that different leadership styles have cannot be measured because it is not seen rather it is felt. The motivation a person can get depends on the situations and circumstances as it is something which needs to be stimulated, impelled, moved and induced by an individual (Pinder 2014). The motivation depends on what motivates a person, and it differentiates from one person to another. Democratic Leadership: The motivation is defined as a reason to put forth your best forward. The motivation depends on a person's needs, and it ceases with the fulfillment of need and motivates behavior. The needs of individuals are different from persons to persons and are motivated by different things. Laissez-Faire Leadership: The leadership styles are different and motivate person differently. The motivation is vital for productivity, increased performance, and achievements (Strom et al. 2014). The motivation has different effects on each, as not all persons get motivate by same needs. The motives of making work done in exchange for reward works for a short term as it is not fixed. In the long run, to sustain human motivation, there are many intangible factors which not necessarily depend on rewards. Comparison of different motivational theories within the workplace The various theories of motivation, which can be discriminated, based on its invention can be implemented in workplace. The types of motivational theories are Abraham Maslow The Hierarchy of Needs theory, Douglas McGregor Theory X / Theory Y and Herzberg Motivator-Hygiene Theory, Vroom and Expectancy theories, Maccoby, McCrae, and Costa personality dimensions, etc. (Miner 2015).These are the three motivational theories which are practiced the most by most of the organizations. Douglas McGregor Theory X / Theory Y: It is made on the basics that intrinsic motivation is better than extrinsic motivation. It means to get great results people should be interested in doing work. The theory x / theory y states if it is considered that in theory x it is assumed that most of the worker is lazy, will do very little work possible and dislikes work. The theory y states that assumption should be made if average worker is not lazy, the job itself will decide if the worker likes the job and wants to do a good job (Munro et al. 2014). The Herzberg employee motivator-hygiene theory: It sates the relationship between hygiene needs, job satisfaction and motivator needs. It implies that when the motivator needs are done then workers will be satisfied; when hygiene needs are done workers will not be dissatisfied. Motivator Factors Hygiene Factors Work itself Responsibility Promotion Achievement Benefits and pay Company policy and administration Relationship with co-workers Job security Abraham Maslow The Hierarchy of Needs theory: Options Details Self Actualization This theory allows the leaders in organizational aspect to motivate their employees by providing opportunities of judgment. Esteem Providing rewards for achievement, decrease the dominance, build self respect, etc Social Build eco-friendly environment within the workplace. Create group of individuals Safety Provide self protection from elements such as health act. Physiological Employee feel free during the working hour Usefulness of a motivational theory for managers and its evaluation The theory is useful for managers as it improves performance appraisal of employees. In the realm of management, motivation is an important function as it is vital for productivity, achievement and increased performance (Barrick et al. 2013). The needs of motivation differ from one individual to another (Lazaroiu 2015). Process of motivation Figure 3: Process of motivation (Source: Ben-Ner 2013, pp- 91) Treat staff well: The staff deserves a proper treatment. Think like a winner: The winner qualities should be implemented in business. Recognize the differences: The difference between motivations should be understood. Set realistic goals: The goals set should be real and should be achieved. Mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organizations and its understandings Nature of groups and groups behavior within organizations The term group is used for types of people who think themselves to be a group. There are certain distinctive attributes in groups, which is not present in a crowd (Salas et al. 2015). The nature of groups can be identified if it has a certain sense of identity, loyalty towards the group, purpose of the group and leadership of the group. Nature of groups: There are different types of group formation in an organization to achieve its specific results. There are three types of views in a group the normative view which shows how to organize a group and carry out activities, the second is group dynamics which has a set of roles like brainstorming, role play and the third is group dynamics from the viewpoint of internal organization members (Russo et al. 2013). Dynamics of group formation: The formation of group depends on the type of groups. The official group is constructed to cater specific goals. The management builds it for a particular purpose, and they are task oriented. Formal group: In the formal group, the management creates a group based on the work type and for particular goal (Turner 2014). It is constructed for the appropriate coordination of work. Individuals depending on their likings and shared interests create the informal group. Informal group: The informal groups include colleagues who eat lunch together, people in a network who get together to exchange information and does not allow others to join them. The purpose of an informal group is not concerned with any task rather; it is dependent on an individual and personal satisfaction. The five stage model: It shows the forming of group according to the model. Forming: It is the initial stage of group development. Storming: In this disagreement among membership may arise. Norming: In it the members develop close relationship. Performing: It is the stage where members perform. Adjourning: It is the last stage for temporary groups. Reasons that promote effective teamwork development The factors that promote effective teamwork are that the organizations provide team based structures to enhance the productivity (West 2012). The effective team work characteristics are: Tailored to the organization: Every organization needs a tailored approach to customized the culture and align it with the strategies in business as it is different. Flexible: The off the shelf approach can be utilized in a variety of models and approaches and integrate it with the existing development and training efforts. Practical and relevant: To work with the team members it is important to keep everything simple so that it can be implemented immediately in real life situation. Competency-based: To distinguish between the high competency and average the training of the team members and leaders should be conducted and if necessary a competency model for team can be developed . Customer focused: It is important to take customer feedback and implement it as far as possible; the feedback should be both internal and external (French and Rayner 2013). Transfer of technology: The dependence on any consultancy is not good so the companies which have done most of the works themselves have shown more profit. Evaluation of the impact of technology on team functioning The technological effect is huge in team functioning as it manifests the promotion of technology through team functioning. Over the last few decades new technology has been injected in the workplace at an increasing rate (Bardhan 2013). The focus will be on information technology, its implementations, its pitfalls and future. Information technology New developments in IT has led to a mobile work place. Due to the advancement of technology an individual can take his office anywhere he wants on the go as cellular phones allow to reach anywhere. New technology has opened the door for employees who want to move away from traditional working. Implementations: The implementation of technology is in every company as it is gaining popularity as new technologies has given business access (Lazaroiu 2015). As technology has become an important part in every ones life new technologies has been in the rise and this has prospered the implementation of information technology. Pitfalls It is the considerations for the areas of concern in technology implementation. The prime concern is about security as the use of technology and its advancement brings securities threats (Cummings and Worley 2014). The security of physical devices is a concern and the access to unauthorized data access is also an issue in many organizations. Conclusion From analyzing all the facts, it can be concluded that understanding the relationship between organizational structure and culture is necessary as it manifests an organization. The Understanding of different approaches to management and leadership should be made so that an organization keeps command of its employees. The understanding of ways of using motivational theories in organization evaluates the overall performance of every individual. The understanding of mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organizations helps in the better performance of the organization. All these factors are included in the success rate of any organization, as these constitute the building blocks of success. References Bardhan, I., Krishnan, V.V. and Lin, S., 2013. Team dispersion, information technology, and project performance.Production and Operations Management,22(6), pp.1478-1493. Barrick, M.R., Mount, M.K. and Li, N., 2013. The theory of purposeful work behavior: The role of personality, higher-order goals, and job characteristics.Academy of Management Review,38(1), pp.132-153. Ben-Ner, A., 2013. Preferences and organization structure: Toward behavioral economics micro-foundations of organizational analysis.The Journal of Socio-Economics,46, pp.87-96. Cichocki, P. and Irwin, C., 2014.Organization design: A guide to building effective organizations. Kogan Page Publishers. Cummings, T. and Worley, C., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning. de Guinea, A.O., Webster, J. and Staples, D.S., 2012. A meta-analysis of the consequences of virtualness on team functioning.Information Management,49(6), pp.301-308. Du, S., Swaen, V., Lindgreen, A. and Sen, S., 2013. The roles of leadership styles in corporate social responsibility.Journal of business ethics,114(1), pp.155-169. French, R. and Rayner, C., Rees, G.Rumbles, S. 2012.Organizational Behaviour. Harper, C., 2015.Organizations: Structures, processes and outcomes. Routledge. Haslam, S.A., van Knippenberg, D., Platow, M.J. and Ellemers, N. eds., 2014.Social identity at work: Developing theory for organizational practice. Psychology Press. Langton, N., Robbins, S.P. and Judge, T.A., 2013.Fundamentals of organizational behaviour. Pearson Education Canada. Lazaroiu, G., 2015. Employee Motivation and Job Performance.Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations,14, p.97. Lee, R. and Lawrence, P., 2013.Organizational Behaviour (RLE: Organizations): Politics at Work(Vol. 18). Routledge. Marquardt, M.J. and Horvath, L., 2014.Global teams: How top multinationals span boundaries and cultures with high-speed teamwork. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Miner, J.B., 2015.Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Munro, D., Schumaker, J.F. and Carr, S.C., 2014.Motivation and culture. Routledge. Pinder, C.C., 2014.Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Pless, N.M., Maak, T. and Waldman, D.A., 2012. Different approaches toward doing the right thing: Mapping the responsibility orientations of leaders.The Academy of Management Perspectives,26(4), pp.51-65. Robbins, S., Judge, T.A., Millett, B. and Boyle, M., 2013.Organisational behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. Russo, G.M., Tomei, P.A., Linhares, A.B.J. and Santos, A.M., 2013. Correlation Between Organizational Culture and Compensation Strategies Using Charles Handy's Typology.Performance Improvement,52(7), pp.13-21. Saenz-Royo, C., Gracia-Lzaro, C. and Moreno, Y., 2015. The Role of the Organization Structure in the Diffusion of Innovations.PloS one,10(5), p.e0126076. Salas, E., Shuffler, M.L., Thayer, A.L., Bedwell, W.L. and Lazzara, E.H., 2015. Understanding and improving teamwork in organizations: a scientifically based practical guide.Human Resource Management,54(4), pp.599-622. 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The wasteland Essay Example For Students

The wasteland Essay In the poem, The Waste Land, T. S. Eliot gives a primarily positive connotation by using the theme of speech, language, and failure of speech. In each of the sections, Eliot shows how speech and communication are important in life. He also shows that speech cannot always accomplish what actions can. The way the characters in the poem use speech show that speech and communication are important. This section may be the best example of communication in the whole poem. While many of the other themes are present, the main part of this section deal with the interaction between two people, in two different places. Although at first these conversations seem to be very fruitless and unproductive, at the end it is revealed that what was trying to beaccomplished by the conversations happens anyway. We will write a custom essay on The wasteland specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The first part of A Game of Chess tells of a man and a woman having dinner. A very elaborate description of the dinner scene, the woman, and the sights and smells that fill the room. After dinner to woman tries to engage the man in conversation but to no avail. As she continues to get more frustrated with and his unwillingness to answer her questions, it would seem Eliot is showing how speech and communication do not accomplish their intended goals. The woman keeps asking the man what he wants to do after dinner, but only his thoughts are revealed to thereader, he does not respond to the woman. Eventually after the womans tiring effort to get a response they still end up taking a carriage ride and playing a game of chess. So while the woman thought that she was getting no where with him, she actually achieved exactly what she wanted. In this sense a transformation occurs from the point in which the woman thought that she was getting no where to the point where she realized that he ha d been listening the whole time, and she still got to do what she wanted to do. The second part of this section tells of two women whos husbands are off to war. One is telling the other that she should try to make herself look good for her husband upon his return. She insists that she has no reason for looking good and that she does not want anymore kidsanyway. The woman eventually get fed up with her ignorance and says that her husband may leave her if she does not change for him. Here it seems that communication is also pointless because no matter how much the woman tries to change the others mind she stillrefuses to change. When the husbands do finally return though, they are still happy to see their wives and the section ends with good night, ladies which shows that the husbands were happy to see their wives no matter what they looked like. The same transformation occurs here aswell. In the beginning the conversation seems to be going nowhere but what was trying to get accomplished still does. This final section talks about the salvation of the Waste Land. T his dry arid place must have water to go on existing and to change from the state that it is in now. The thunder can be heard from beyond the mountain but it is not coming over into the valley to save the Waste Land. A story is told of a woman who plays a violin with a strand of her hair as a bow. This music brings singing from the empty cisterns and wells of the land, and eventually it is this womans song which brings the rains to the Waste Land. Although it is not speech, this is a form of communication, and it shows the importance of it. The song is the salvation of the Waste Land. When the rains finally come, the thunder speaks with the voice of the gods. It repeats over and over the word Da, which comes from the Upanishads. It can be translated in three different ways by the gods, man, or demons. This shows that while one thing is said it can beinterpreted in many ways depending upon the listener. No matter how it is interpreted though, the thunder and its voice

Free Essays on Francisco Goya

Francisco de Goya 1746-1828 Francisco Jose de Goya was born in Fuendetodos, Spain, on March 30th, 1746. His family later relocated to Saragossa, where Goya came to be under the tutelage of local artist Jose Luzan. A few years later, after a sojourn in Italy to study, Goya returned to Saragossa where he received his first commission, painting frescoes in the Cathedral of El Pilar. Goya got the commission through Francisco Bayeu, a fellow artist also from Aragà ³n, who they say was influential in helping Goya develop his earlier style. Bayeu was also the brother of Josefa Bayeu, whom Goya married in 1773. It was also around that time that Goya became involved in the creation of several other frescoes, influenced by the paintings of Velsquez and Rembrandt. It is interesting to note that like Rembrandt, Goya and his wife had several children who did not reach adulthood. Only one of his sons survived. In addition to his several frescoes, Goya created designs for a tapestry factory in Madrid, painting scenes of everyday life in Spain. His worked were very sought after, and in 1780 he was elected to the Royal Academy of San Fernando. Shortly thereafter, he was named painter to King Charles IV, who was perhaps the most educated of the Spanish Monarchs of the era, and ultimately appointed Goya to the post of court painter. Goya painted portraits of the social elite, but he also continued making more tapestries. This was the height of Goya's artistic career, and he was at this point, considered the most successful, sought after and admired of all Spanish artists. Alas, tragedy struck, and Goya was stricken with a mysterious illness that left him completely deaf. Later, after the death of his friend and brother-in-law Francisco Bayeu, he took over his duties as Director of Painting in the Royal Academy from 1795 to 1797, when he resigned due to ill health. Two years later, in 1799, he was given the title of First Spanish court painter.... Free Essays on Francisco Goya Free Essays on Francisco Goya Francisco de Goya 1746-1828 Francisco Jose de Goya was born in Fuendetodos, Spain, on March 30th, 1746. His family later relocated to Saragossa, where Goya came to be under the tutelage of local artist Jose Luzan. A few years later, after a sojourn in Italy to study, Goya returned to Saragossa where he received his first commission, painting frescoes in the Cathedral of El Pilar. Goya got the commission through Francisco Bayeu, a fellow artist also from Aragà ³n, who they say was influential in helping Goya develop his earlier style. Bayeu was also the brother of Josefa Bayeu, whom Goya married in 1773. It was also around that time that Goya became involved in the creation of several other frescoes, influenced by the paintings of Velsquez and Rembrandt. It is interesting to note that like Rembrandt, Goya and his wife had several children who did not reach adulthood. Only one of his sons survived. In addition to his several frescoes, Goya created designs for a tapestry factory in Madrid, painting scenes of everyday life in Spain. His worked were very sought after, and in 1780 he was elected to the Royal Academy of San Fernando. Shortly thereafter, he was named painter to King Charles IV, who was perhaps the most educated of the Spanish Monarchs of the era, and ultimately appointed Goya to the post of court painter. Goya painted portraits of the social elite, but he also continued making more tapestries. This was the height of Goya's artistic career, and he was at this point, considered the most successful, sought after and admired of all Spanish artists. Alas, tragedy struck, and Goya was stricken with a mysterious illness that left him completely deaf. Later, after the death of his friend and brother-in-law Francisco Bayeu, he took over his duties as Director of Painting in the Royal Academy from 1795 to 1797, when he resigned due to ill health. Two years later, in 1799, he was given the title of First Spanish court painter....

Where Students Can Find CV Writer Jobs to Earn Some Extra Cash

Where Students Can Find CV Writer Jobs to Earn Some Extra Cash Where Students Can Find CV Writer Jobs to Earn Some Extra Cash For college students who are looking to earn some extra cash while still retaining the freedom to set their own schedules based on their educational needs and other set obligations, few options are more attractive than becoming a professional CV writer. That’s because CV writer jobs offer great pay, flexible hours and the ability to develop skills that will help you, both personally and professionally, throughout your entire life. If you’re ready to get started finding and being selected for CV writer jobs, here are a few of the best online resources to get you started earning money with CV writing. General Freelance Platforms: These platforms aren’t specifically limited to writing – they also offer opportunities for freelancers in a diverse range of different industries and niches. But thanks to their large size and widespread popularity, they’re great places for students to begin the search for CV writer jobs. Upwork: while the name may be new, Upwork has been one of the internet’s leading freelance platforms for more than a decade. Formed from the merger of popular sites, Elance and oDesk, Upwork is one of the most diverse resources for freelancers in industries ranging from CV writing to legal services. Freelancer: as one of the biggest contract employment platforms in the world, Freelancer boasts about an impressive list of nearly 20 million members who are either offering or looking for freelance services. As an aspiring CV writer, this is one site that you absolutely shouldn’t skip. PeoplePerHour: with its focus on digital projects and development, PeoplePerHour is more tech-minded than the other two general freelance platforms on our list – but that doesn’t mean it’s any less of a resource for finding high-quality CV writing jobs. Specialized CV Writing Services: In addition to broad platforms like Upwork and Freelancer, there are also a number of specialized CV writing services that students will want to consider – especially once they have some experience under their belt from other, more general freelancing platforms. CV-Shop: one of the most popular and highly-regarded CV writing services on the web, CV-Shop is a one-stop destination that helps clients with CV writing, editing, and critique. StandOut CV: another major web-based CV service company, StandOut CV stands by their work offering clients a complete satisfaction guarantee. If you’re looking for well-payed, professional CV writing jobs, StandOut CV is one of the best companies out there. Career Master CV Solutions: while Career Master CV Solutions offers a full suite of CV writing services for professional and executive-level job seekers, one of their most well-known services involves helping military veterans create effective CVs after leaving the service. You don’t have to be an expert with years of experience to be a successful CV writer, but for those new to the field, getting started and finding work isn’t always easy. That’s why we put this list together: if you’re new to the business and feel a little overwhelmed with trying to find CV writing jobs, these six resources will provide you with the solid foundation you need to get started with to earn extra cash today.

Critique of the Public Health Agency of Canada Website Term Paper

Critique of the Public Health Agency of Canada Website - Term Paper Example Furthermore the framework of the critique is focused on the user needs, authenticity and the content of the web site, which in essence make up the critical elements of an evaluation of any web site (Evaluating Web Sites: Criteria and Tools). Graphics in a website are critical to not only attracting and retaining the audience, but it is also important to the proper use of the web site for an enhanced learning experience. There is evidence to suggest that it is the conventional web page graphics with proper guidance instructions that enhance the attraction and utility value of a web site (Hinseley, Blackmon & Carnot, 2008). The Public Health Agency of Canada website use of graphics matches this requirement of appropriate use of graphics. Graphics and layout of the website make it easy for a user to identify areas of interest and peel into the specific locations easily for the information being sought. Furthermore the lay out and graphics are such that there is no overlapping or difficulty in navigating the site (PUBLIC HEALTH AGENCY of CANADA). The central focus is on a changing graphic that highlights the most current information that the website provides on matters of health concern in Canada. On the left hand side of the web site are a list of specific information boxes, which when peeled into provides Canada specific information separately into diseases and conditions, health and safety, research and statistics, information about the agency. On this side is also provided a search facility that enables a user to search for specific information, meaning that the user does not have to go through all the portals for any specific information, but can find directly about the availability of the information and go straight to it (PUBLIC HEALTH AGENCY of CANADA). Below the central focus of the moving graphic are portals that are specific to the current news on the health and disease prevention

Criminology 1 question dark figure of crime Essay

Criminology 1 question dark figure of crime - Essay Example Many of undisclosed as well as unreported crime to the authority lead to unresolved issues within a society hence portraying unreliability both in the governance as well as to a given society. The United States of America uses two major crime data collection in their statistics. These methods include the national Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) and the uniform crime reports. The FBI crime department in United States of America majorly uses the Uniform Crime Reports system of data collection of crime. The FBI to detect crimes on murder, rape cases, robbery, burglary, aggravated assault, as well as theft of vehicles uses this system of data collection. However, UCR data collection system has been re defined by FBI agency in United States of America. Meanwhile National Incident-Based Reporting system crime information system is another system that is used by FBI, having been revised from UCR as from 1980s.It majorly works based on justice systems characteristics, public attitudes on crime, persons arrested, known offenses, judicial defendant processes as well as supervision correction (Russell & Milovanovic, 2001). The ability of UCR system is that it only allows eight tracks of crimes to be detected while NIBRS tracks 46 crimes simultaneously. However, the arrests within UCR system have specific report on the incident that has happened while the counterpart contains more information arrests on each of the incident done per timeline. Meanwhile, UCR system of crime data collection mostly reports domestic violence giving less concern on simple assault unlike in the NIBRS system of crime data collection. The worse of all in the UCR system is that if a matter is about murder, the system only reports a single incident while the other system reports multiple offenses in relation to the victims and offenders. NIBRS system of crime data collection in regards to dark figure of crime is a new methodology of uniform crime report

Multicultural Issues in Counseling Essay Example for Free

Multicultural Issues in Counseling Essay In the field of counseling and psychology, it is always necessary that the counselor understands the predicament that the patient is facing. This is because, this patient is coming for assistance because he or she is not in a position to do his activities right. Therefore in this case it is necessary that the supervisee and in this case Ann has all the attributes that are needed as this is the only way that she will be able to help Donald. As Barratt, E. et al, (1997) in their research found out, it calls for a good rapport between the counselor and the patient for the patient to receive meaningful treatment or help. This is not the case here as Donald is always complaining that Ann is not giving him enough attention. In real sense, it is the broken rapport that exists between them that is the problem. In the content of my informal assessment of Ann’s multicultural counseling skills, I would clearly indicate that Ann lacks the basic and crucial skills that are necessary for a counselor to execute his or her duties. I understand that the main reason for this is the background where Ann has grown. She has grown up in an area where there are no mixed races. This developed in her limited socialization skills when dealing with people. This is her new interaction with a person from a different race and due to this; it becomes very difficult for her to deal with the patient. As Gladwell, (2007) argues, it calls for a counselor to have good communication and socialization skills so that he or she can be able to assist a patient. In addition, the counselor should understand that the patient is not in the right frame of mind. The counselor should not give the comments that the patient gives the same weight as the way he or she would if the person was in the right frame of mind. These are some of the basic attributes, which Ann lacks, and I would include this in my informal assessment report. According to Dinn, W. et al, (2000), gauging the level of awareness has its basis on how well one executes the duties assigned to him or her. In this case, Donald is complaining that he is lacks appropriate attention and therefore he is contemplating on stopping treatment. On the other hand, Ann is claiming that she has done all that she could so to help the patient. This is a clear sign that Ann is giving up. The patient is already hopeless and the doctor or the counselor can only revive his hope. If the counselor loses hope, it means that there is no chance of recovering. It is also a clear indication of lack of commitment and objective by the counselor. The level of Ann’s self- awareness is therefore very low. The reason is that she is not fully aware that she is the counselor and that the patient really needs her assistance. She seems to forget her role in the whole process, which is to help the patient recover. In addition, Ann is complaining that Donald is over-dependent on her. She fully understands that Donald is suffering from Schizophrenia and dependency is expected. This is a clear indication that Ann happen to have very limited knowledge of the appropriate treatment interventions. For instance, it would be absurd for a surgeon to complain that he or she is encountering a lot of blood when he or she fully knows that this will be inevitable. If we receive such a complaint, it is a clear indication that the person has no or limited knowledge of what he is doing and what he is supposed to do. This is the case happening with Ann. At the same time, Ann is complaining of not having a good communication with the patient because he has difficulty expressing himself in English. As she was born and raised in only one region, there are chances that she did not have good socialization and communication skills and probably the problem is not the English but the access which she is having difficulty understanding. In conclusion, in my informal assessment, I would clearly indicate that the problem here is not the patient but Ann. She seems to lack the basic attributes of a counselor. A good counselor should be dynamic in all the activities that he or she is doing. He should not use a universal platform to treat his or her patients. He should take each patient individually, understand him or her and adopt a proper method in treatment. This is something that Ann needs to improve on. She also needs exposure as she has very little experience in dealing with people. For instance, she has very limited if any knowledge and experience with the African-American culture and all this is attributed to the way she was raised. ? References Barratt, E. et al. (1997). Neuropsychological Cognitive Psychophysiological Substrates of Impulsive Aggression. Biological Psychiatry , 1045-60. Dinn, W. et al. (2000). Neurocognitive Function in Antisocial Personality Disorder. Psychiatry Research , 173-92. Gladwell, M. (2007). Blink: Power of Thinking Without Thinking . Irwin: Back Bay Books .

Evaluative Phase â€Love and hate :: Drama

Evaluative Phase –Love and hate First we looked at the poem â€Å"Stop the clocks† by W.H. Auden. Before we thought about adding hate we thought about what the poem is about. It’s about a woman who’s husband has just died and how she is devastated about his death and thinks the whole world should mourn his death because he was so great (or at least he was to her). So we now had 2 characters the husband and wife and we knew the husband was going to die, which would devastate the woman so much that she wrote the poem. Next we looked at the word ‘hate’ and its implications. Everyone in the group had to say one thing they hated. Then we all went into small groups (about 3 people) and had to make a still image of some form of hate. We chose to do an image of a person being executed by terrorists. Then as a whole group we thought about how we could add hate to the poem. So we thought that the man could have been killed because he had been hated, then it developed further and we thought the woman could have killed the man then she wrote the poem as a cover up. We decided to make the man rich and the woman a gold digger. When we went into smaller groups we had the idea that the man pretended to be rich and the woman killed him when she discovered the truth. Everyone in my group (including me) probably didn’t work together as well as we could have done when we where initially thinking up what to do in our piece. Basically after we had the idea of having the woman find out the man is not rich our progress slowed down quite a lot until the last 20 minutes we had before performing, this made us rush quite a lot so we didn’t iron out all of the mistakes and get everything exactly right like we could have done, but overall our performance was ok and it was quite a good idea. Love and hate are both extremely powerful emotions. Both can cause people to do absolutely crazy things that they almost certainly wouldn’t do for any other reason.

One Nation Under Corn?

A position paper done in fall of 2012 on the cause and affect of the industrialized corn crop. I decided on this subject after my own battle with illness. This battle, ended up changing my diet, and my life as it turns out. I have almost completely removed any corn derived product from my life (all-be-it difficult sometimes) and am a proponent of a purely organic vegetarian diet. One Nation Under Corn? Chad Cribb DeVry University One Nation Under Corn One of the many freedoms we enjoy in this great country is the freedom to choose what you will eat and when you will eat it.Pull up to your favorite fast food burger restaurant, and little thought goes into the entire process. From the drive there, to the ordering of your food, and the packaging they are contained in. When we think more about it, as Michael Pollan did in his book, â€Å"The Omnivore’s Dilemma†, there is a whole lot more going on. Pollan dives deep into the heart of our nation’s fascination with the corn crop and its many uses. Corn started out as a crop grown to feed its people. But in this day and age, very little is actually eaten. Corn has become a giant in the food industry, at a low price; thanks in part to the government help.We started this nation as one based in principle and in the pursuit of freedom†¦. and now it seems†¦ corn. But who is the real beneficiary of this corn crop? And just as important†¦who are the losers? Corn has been around since recorded history and has played a major role in trade and many complex social societies. Corn’s spread across the globe began after contact between the European colonial powers and indigenous peoples of North and South America. It continued on to Africa during the slave trades and was used to actually pay for them. What’s more, it was a source of power for the African middlemen involved in the slave trade.Fast forward now to the 1940’s and 1950’s as corn and corn based foods became c rucial in the agriculture market to sustain military troops during the war. It was after the war that America saw a huge surplus in corn yield partly due to the new hybrid seeds and fertilizers that had recently been manufactured. This surplus had a dramatic effect on the market and the market prices. It was these prices, over the years that caused unpredictable price swings (Wise 2005-9). As our population has increasingly grown thru the years, our need for more food has increased along with it.The polarity between the two was unbalanced and by using the free market approach, farmers regularly had booms and busts in the market. Making farmers the target of continued and increasing depressed prices in their crop. The government soon stepped in with â€Å"The New Deal†, in order to bring supply into line with demand, an approach known as â€Å"supply management† using conservation set-asides, a price floor guaranteeing a fair price (like having a minimum wage), and a gr ain reserve to deal with overproduction. What was not widely known, it appears, is the corporate-world began lobbying for a free market approach again.Beginning in the 1970’s, they used the World Food Crisis and the Russian Wheat Deal to validate their argument to government. Coupling that with the notion of â€Å"getting government out of agriculture†. The result of that was that prices collapsed by the late 1990’s and the government had to bail out farmers with millions in emergency subsidy payments. Prices completely collapsed shortly after the 1996 Freedom to Farm Act, causing expensive taxpayer bailouts. By 2000, subsidies provided 49% of farmers’ net income. This has helped the corn industry to comprise 95% of all food grain produced in America (USDA 2010).The government’s well-intended approach to help â€Å"prop up† the industry, in fact, created a market dependent on the very subsidies that were created to help it. Between 1995 and 2006, the government paid out $56 billion in corn subsidies (Wise 2005-12). What’s more, it helps create a market monopoly. With only 3 companies controlling 90% of the corn market, 2 companies controlling the corn seed market, and 4 companies controlling the high fructose corn syrup industry, the answer should be clear. But as Pollan points out, â€Å"It’s not about who is profiting, but rather who is suffering† (Pollan 2006).Most of what we see in the news is the emphasis placed in the trials and tribulations of the farmer, for the benefit of the consumer. But is it really the consumer who benefits? If the price of food per calorie is the magic calculation, then the answer is yes. But if the average weight per person is, then the answer is no. As the corn industry exploded and the number of companies shrank, corn began a new transformation into other parts of the food industry and more. This came in the form of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), gasoline additiv es, plastics, and cattle feed to name a few.Cattle feed now encompasses over 50% of the industrialized corn produced in America (Wise 2005-11). The increase of this has helped create the perpetual cycle that has infested the industry, and moreover, the agricultural policy that affects it. The overproduction of corn has led to an overconsumption of corn; mostly in an indirect way. America’s agriculture and international trade policies have created an environment that breeds monopolies and corruption. Big business lobbyist has taken hold in an industry that believes in the â€Å"bottom line†.This philosophy has squeezed out the once popular sugar cane, and ushered in the cheaper, easily produced, HFCS for its products. Because the government has placed so many incentives on the production of corn, other more healthy crops have been left behind. Crops like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains have quickly become a thing of the past. The relationship between government and business has become as unhealthy as the population consuming the products they produce. At one point, it almost looks like the industry wanted the market to crash and the government to step in.One would ask why anyone would want that. Because subsidizing the industrial crop ensures it stays at a cheap price for one. Secondly, the corporations who buy corn to turn into high fructose corn syrup (used in almost every food product) or as feed for livestock, or ethanol for vehicles operations have profited by the billions. Thirdly, the corporate consolidation of our food system as whole. When you think about it, it reaches thru banks, seeds, fertilizers, grain traders, food processors, manufacturing plant, to retailing. Walsh says, â€Å"This kind f uncompetitive market squeezes the farmer on both sides† (Walsh-2009). This notion seems to place a lot of blame on the subsidies themselves. My contention is that subsidies are not the problem with our food system, but merely a produc t of a broken system. To fix the farm policy, legislators must first have a clear understanding of who wins and who loses under the current system and why. Also, the high tariffs placed on sugar cane need to be downsized to allow for balance in the market. But this is a prime example of how the government’s intention to help has unintentional consequences.I believe that the root of our problem today is the â€Å"clinging† to a free market food system. One that allows commodities like corn to be priced so low that would allow big business to develop monopolies over farmers and corn while reaping huge profits because of cheap corn. America now spends less of our income on food than any other generation in history (Pollan-2002). When you look at it in perspective, the agriculture our grandparents helped build was now growing fast food. This affecting our wallets, farmlands, and waistline.Some may say that our waistline and rate of disease are due to laziness and other fac tors. I disagree. I believe they are a direct relation to cheap, processed food made by cheap, industrialized corn. In order for us to decrease the consumption of corn, the government needs to cease its subsidizing of it. This will do two things. One, it let the markets adjust themselves at a rate that creates dependence on itself rather than assistance. Two, tighten the ability of lobbyist to affect change in agriculture and government policy that increase benefits to the very few.The bottom line here is this; big business reaps profits at the expense of the farmer. And the consumer? Well†¦. we are just scenery it seems in this great manipulation of industrialized food industry. And as I see it; in an economy where every dollar counts, doesn’t it make sense for the government to hang onto theirs? Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma. â€Å"A Natural History of Four Meals†. April 2006 This well-known book has been called an â€Å"eater’s manifest o† by critics and peers alike. Pollan, Michael. What’s America Eating? Smithsonian, June 2006. Retrieved on October 4, 2012 http://michaelpollan. om/articles-archive/whats-eating-america/ An article, written with a chronological touch, that takes reader from â€Å"soup-to-nuts† on the history of corn and how it came to western America. Pollan, Michael. When Crop Becomes King. NY Times. July 2002. Retrieved on October 1, 2012 http://www. organicconsumers. org/toxic/toomuchcorn071902. cfm An article written in a way that is easily understood for most. This article describes Zea Mays (original term) from Central America to what we know today as corn Walsh, Bryan. â€Å"Getting Real About the High Price of Cheap Corn†.Time Magazine. August 21, 2009. http://www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1917726-2,00. html Walsh is a senior writer for Time Magazine and a correspondent for the last 8 years Health Journalism Fellowship from the Center for Disease Con trol Foundation. As part of this fellowship, he attended training at the U. S. Centers for Disease Control during summer 2010. Wise, Timothy. Identifying the Real Winners from US Agricultural Policies. Tufts University. December 2005. Retrieved October 1, 2012. http://www. ase. tufts. edu/gdae/Pubs/wp/05-07RealWinnersUSAg. pdf

Conversations with Children Essay

Language is a form of communication wherein children learn how to convey their emotions, thoughts and ideas verbally. Not only is language a tool of communication, it’s also an implement of thinking which is related to the way in which children acquire knowledge, their reasoning and their observations. Within this essay I shall be discussing what and how children learn in the process of conducting a conversation with an adult, by exploring children’s acquisition in terms of linguistic and communicative competence with reference to the dialogue and other supporting evidence. In relation to linguistic competence, Linguist Noam Chomsky (1990, 1986) affirms that ‘language is an innate human ability which is biologically determined and follows a predictable path’ (Mayor, 2012, pg 92) suggesting that children are familiar with language from birth. However, Chomsky in contrast also states that ‘minimal language input is required to trigger the language learn ing process’ (Mayor, 2012, pg 92) testifying that a caregiver’s contribution plays is imperative role in a child’s development. Barbara Mayor, corresponding to Chomsky’s beliefs, has observed that ‘babies are primed even within the womb to attend to the particular ‘melody’ of the language that surrounds them’ (Mayor, 2012, pg 92) such as, a mother’s voice. In comparison to both Chomsky’s and Mayor’s philosophy, Elinor Ochs (1979) argues that non-verbal communication emerges before children can verbally communicate, such as ‘touching, pointing, and eye gaze†¦reaching, holding up, waving, pushing away, head shaking, and the like’ (Ochs, 1979, pg 12, in Mayor, pg 93) designating that minors can interact with their caregivers, almost like having ‘a conversation without words’ (Wells, 1985, pg 24, in Mayor, 2012, pg 93). Gordon Well’s observation coincides with that of Mayor’s, who asserts that a baby’s first experience of language across many cultures is likely to be in dialogue with a caregiver’ (Mayo r, 2012, pg 93). But, how do children learn how to conduct a conversation? In early education, minors learn to converse by creating sounds, firstly by hearing different sounds around them which then urge and encourage children to respond. Babies particularly, learn how to manipulate their vocal sounds in order to make verbal contact with their caregiver such as a ‘cry’ which later progresses to a ‘babbling’. Mayor mentions that ‘their early experimentations of babbling soon differentiates the particular sounds which are meaningful in their linguistic community from those which are not’ (Mayor, 2012, pg 92). Elinor Ochs and Bambi Schieffelin (1979) also mention that ‘children begin by learning speech and only gradually learn the language that corresponds to these in the community around them’ (Ochs and Schieffelin, 1979, in Mayor, pg 93). In studying communicative competence, by being able to conduct a conversation, it has been observed that language mannerisms between caregiver and child, can exemplify the speech that assists the acquisition of language. During this acquisition caregivers display a unique style of speech in which linguistics has referred to as Child Directed speech (CDS), also known as ‘baby talk’ (Mayor, 2012, pg 93) which consist of several features. The first is Phonological wherein caregivers change the rate of speech, use a clearer pronunciation and a higher and more exaggerated pitch allowing children to comprehend words a little easier. The second feature is Lexical, in that adults use shorter and simples phrases whilst employing a more grammatical usage. Syntactic features are the last element where caregivers use a simplified form of speech by using shorter utterances, rather than full sentences sequentially illustrating meaning to their young. In terms of CDS and in reference to the chosen dialogue, it is evident that Anna is capable of comprehending what her mother is saying by the way she responds. It’s apparent that Anna is capable in terms of being able to use short words and long, grammatical sentences. Although she is not correct at times, Anna, in her own way can interpret and express herself through her language; an example of this can be seen in line 18. CDS therefore, permits children to distinguish linguistic patterns by firstly learning word order and then developing a profound understanding of sentence structures. Telegraphic speech is a prime example of a speech act. According to linguistics, telegraphic speech consists of a two-word stage of language acquisition used by children aged 2-3, (Anna’s age), that creates a number of joined utterances. These words then become multiple and children learn how to conduct telegraphic sentences. In the dialogue it’s clear that Anna has developed a sense of being able to build sentences and is able to use word order correctly. It is through telegraphic speech that children learn how to acquire grammatical inflections in word forms and prepositions such as ‘in’ and ‘on’, this can be seen in line 14 of the dialogue also. Discourse and context play a role in teaching children language. Discourse identifies that language has ‘a social purpose’ (North, 2012, pg 133), and allows us ‘to communicate with other people to establish and maintain relationships, to share feelings, to exchange information, or to influence their behaviour’ (North, 2012, pg 133). Barbara Mayor and Daniel Allington declare that context is significant as it ‘refers to the physical location and social circumstances in which a particular example of language use occurs’ (Mayor and Allington, 2012, pg 6). The dialogue is set in informal settin g, the sense of language between mother and daughter within the dialogue is perceived accordingly in this type of social setting in that is relaxed. In regards to grammatical development, competence generally precedes performance wherein children are taught to comprehend a language before being able to speak it. In reference to communicative competence Del Hymes states that ‘a normal child acquires knowledge of sentences, not only as grammatical, but also as appropriate. He or she acquires competence as to when to speak, when not, and as to what to talk about with whom, when, where, in what matter’ (Hymes, 1972, pg 277, In Mayor, pg 106). Holding a conversation with a child can be difficult in terms of captivating their attention, however as Hymes explores, the majority of conversations between caregivers and children are based upon the subject of their interests, such as; family members etc. In this dialogue this is evident seeing that the conversation is based upon drawing both cars and trains for her parents. Another trait in CDS is repetition in which is used to prolong an adult/child conversation by enabling the flow of speech. Repetition can be seen in lines, 3, 5, and 9 of the dialogue where the mother has repeated Anna’s previous comment. Another method used in CDS and perhaps the most essential rule of conversation is turn taking. Turn taking has a primary function that allows the infant to learn conversational structure. Taking turns seems to be a straight forward implement; however other factors need to be addressed in order for a child to fully appreciate the procedures. Within the dialogue, Anna has learnt that she has to take turns and actually appears to be rather good at it. Transition Relevance Place also known as TRP, identified and named by Sacks (1998 [1995]), is when a conversation between one person and another follows fluently. However, it is common for an overlap during conversation in which a person mistakes a TRP and takes their turn of speaking before the previous speaker is able to carry on with their turn. This overlapping of speech can sometimes be unintentional depending on whether a legitimate TRP occurs or not. Referring to the dialogue, in line 1 we can see that the mother is the first speaker in which she speaks with an utterance made up of one so-called TCU (a question). At the end of this TCU (line 1) is a TRP in which the role of the speaker and the listener swop, in line 2 Anna recognised the TRP and speaks. North (2012) has identified that sometimes listeners respond to a previous speakers at a TRP, not by trying to take a turn of speech but instead by showing an interest and by encouraging the speaker to continue talking. This can be seen in 11 in the dialogue ‘Mhm’. North mentions that in terms of taking part in a conversation ‘you cannot just say anything; you have to respond appropriately’ (North, 2012, pg 158). Harvey Sacks agrees and identifies that ‘spoken exchanges are composed of ‘single units’ or ‘composites’, which tend to function together in pairs’, in which he named these units ‘adjacency pairs’ (Schegloff and Sacks, 1973, In Mayor and Allington, pg11). Adjacency pairs are an underlying aspect of conversational-turn taking where one speaker provokes a responding utterance from the second speaker. Question and answer is a common adjacency pair and can be seen in the dialogue throughout lines 1, 3, 7, 13 and 15, which are responded too, by Anna, in a ‘preferred response’. Other adjacency pairs are ‘dispreferred’ responses (responses the listener doesn’t want to hear). References Hymes, D. H. (1972) ‘On communicative competence’ in Pride, J. B. and Holmes, J. (eds) Sociolinguistics: Selected Readings, Harmondsworth, Penguin.

DNA Testing and Database in the UK The WritePass Journal

DNA Testing and Database in the UK References DNA Testing and Database in the UK IntroductionReferencesRelated Introduction Each individual is marked by unique genetic sequences embedded in strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), except for identical twins [16]. Surprisingly, DNA source can easily be obtained from single white blood cell, cheek epithelial cell contained in the saliva on cigarette butt or chewing gum, or even skin cell found on fingerprint or dandruff. These will then be amplified and the unique markers will be recorded as specific DNA profiles for the donors, along with their details [5], [16]. Mostly the profiles will be loaded into a data bank, such as UK National DNA Database . DNA database and testing contribute the highest confidence and faster process in identification, especially in forensic and crime [3], [16], [9]. The DNA sample will be recovered from a crime scene and then be profiled to find a match in the database just in 15 days [3]! UK is the most tolerant in DNA testing’s protocol [13]. Proud to say, it is the world’s biggest store of DNA profiles [15]. Besides, UK once aimed to sample one in every 15 people [5], [10]. It is not rare to see the whole citizens in a particular area are asked to have their DNA tested for murder investigation, as happened in Leicester and Bristol [9], [1]. However, the eagerness is feared that it may assault the public’s privacy [14]. They afraid to be accused by crime they did not commit, just because their DNA has ‘present’ at the crime scene [14], [16]. Plus, the DNA sample can be collected from other location and placed at the crime scene, except for blood which is ‘non-mobile’ [2], [8]. Surprisingly, tremendous DNA samples of human are kept secretly and collected actively which is possible to cause random sampling from the public [5]. DNA theft is referred as a process of examining and screening of someone’s genetic material without his permission [3]. A more comprehensive legislation has been proposed in UK to protect the genetic privacy and limit the access to DNA information [14]. However, this so-called act does not apply to DNA testing by law-enforcement agencies and upon genetic material left in a crime scene [13].   Will DNA database be sentenced to ‘freeze’? (Picture from [14]) Due to its success, DNA sampling is suggested to be done as early as at birth stage and used to modernise the registration of birth, death and marriage [7], [16]. However, the former idea has been criticised because contribution of DNA database in accuracy of crime justification can still be argued [12]. Good example, Stephen Snowden was caught for stealing a bottle of whisky and had his genetic sample be taken. After that, a DNA testing had associated him with a rape case, causing him to be jailed innocently [5]. Another case was a Parkinson patient named Raymond Easton. He was accused in a burglary case just because of his DNA matched with the one obtained from the crime scene. Nonetheless, his case can only happen once in 37 million chances. Thus, Britain’s Forensic Science Service has upgraded the standard identification of 6 DNA sites to a more powerful 10 sites. This limits the possibility of finding two persons being matched randomly to one in a billion [5]. Guidelines have been proposed to protect the genetic privacy especially emphasis upon disposal of DNA samples after it has been analysed [16]. According to Britain’s Data Protection Act, someone who has his DNA been taken for a research has the authority to ask the record to be destroyed after a given time length [5]. This database is also urged to be put under provision of independent party, not the police or even the government, though it may be too costly for poor countries to establish an independent laboratory [4], [12], [16]. Even so, in reality, it has been revealed that mostly, once a DNA sample has entered the database, the donors are unable to stop the unlimited use of it and withdraw themselves from the research or investigation [5]. Even, illegal use of it already occurred for discriminatory purposes by insurers or employers unintentionally revealed from sensitive medical information [3], [7], [14]. It has been reported by internal government in year 2000, that up to 80 000 genetic material that should be cleared, were not, illegally [5].   Good news, early this month, the UK government has promised to clear the innocent DNA profiles, only after European law has declared it as unlawful, though the process will take time [10], [15]. Unintentionally, the existence of DNA database warns the offenders to be more cautious in committing crime. A rapist was found to have all his body hair, including nostril hair shaved off and his nails trimmed [5]. In conclusion, the abuse of genetic information is not something new because science has also been misused for massive killing of people. Basically, pros and cons of the database can only be measured in the future [14]. References [1]   BBC News Bristol. Jo Yeates murder case: MP backs DNA testing. (9 January 2011) bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-12145602 Accessed on 13 March 2011. [2] Bond, John W. Value of DNA evidence in detecting crime. Journal of forensic sciences. 52:1,128 -136 (2007). [3] Bond, JW; Hammond, C. The value of DNA material recovered from crime scenes. Journal of forensic sciences 53:4, 797 -801 (2008). [4] Bowyer, A. Could we trust every future government? Nature. 419: 6904, 247 -247 (2002). [5] Concar, D. Could it be you? What Britains DNA testing laws will mean for innocent people. New Scientist. 170:2289, 10 -12 (2001) [6] Concar, D. Whats in a fingerprint. New Scientist. 170:2289, 9   (2001). [7] Evison, M. DNA database could end problem of identity fraud. Nature. 420:6914,359 -359 (2002). [8] Flint, O. Planted evidence weakens case for DNA. Nature  419:  6904, 247-247 (2002) [9] House, JC; Cullen, RM; Snook, B, et al Improving the effectiveness of the national DNA data bank: A consideration of the criminal antecedents of predatory sexual offenders. Canadian Journal Of Criminology and Criminal Justice  48:  1, 61-75  (2006) [10] Independent Television News. Government to curb DNA. (1 March 2011) http://itn.co.uk/420b09fbaf37ce917db7b71e2271b68e.html Accessed on 13 March 2011. [11] Ioannou, P. Free consanguinity testing for all. Nature 419, 247-248 (2002). [12] Kirby, R. The many dangers of relying on a DNA database It may be convenient for the police, but the use of DNA as evidence is full of pitfalls. Nature. 419:6904, 247 -247 (2002). [13] Laurie, G. DNA theft: new crime in the UK. Nature reviews Genetic 4:8, 584 -584. (2003). [14] Rothenberg, K. H. and Terry, S. F. Human genetics: Before its too late Addressing fear of genetic information. Science 297:5579, 196 -197 (2002). [15] Travis, A. DNA profiles to be deleted from police database (11 February 2011) guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/feb/11/dna-profiles-deleted-police-database Accessed on 13 March 2011. [16] Williamson, R. and Duncan, R. DNA testing for all. Nature 418, 585-586 (2002).