Nature of the Mind Essay - 810 Words

William Blake, a poet that strongly believed in the power of mind, once wrote, if we see with imagination, we see all things in the infinite. The Romantic poets use their imagination when gazing at nature, and therefore see and feel the infinite through their poetry. William Wordsworth expresses the serene beauty that nature possesses and its calming effects on the mind. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, one of the poetic geniuses of the age, uses nature and his imagination to create surreal atmospheres. Another Romantic poet, by the name of Percy Bysshe Shelley, shows great longing for the freedom that nature possesses and the freeing effect it has on him. These poets of the Romantic period look at nature from a higher consciousness†¦show more content†¦He expresses the minds ability to take a beautiful scene and create a calm and content feeling throughout his thoughts. Samuel Taylor Coleridge uses nature as a catalyst to search deeper into his mind and discover the surreal creativity of his own imagination. This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison depicts an out-of-body vision that encompasses a breathtaking vista of green mountains and purple flowers from the eyes of an imaginer. Gazing at it with swimming sense, the picture becomes less gross than bodily, causing the swirling colors to form something only found in the divine. However surreal this picture is, nothing can compare to Cloleridges vision in Kubla Khan. In this poem he uses natures creations to depict unnatural scenes. In caverns measureless to man, Kubla Khan wants to build a sunny pleasure-dome with caves of ice. Such a place is only real in the imagination and in the written word, which is why this poem seems so tangible to the eye. He comes across these imaginary visions while meandering with a mazy motion through wood and dale, where these thoughts come alive. It explains through al literation how walking through wooded paths, accompanied only by ones mind, one comes upon new feelings and thoughts that are only palpable in that wood. Nature inspires Samuel Coleridge to exorcise his minds eye and create a heavenly atmosphere. Percy Bysshe Shelley looks up toShow MoreRelatedHuman Nature And The Mind974 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Nature and The Mind Human nature and the mind have been studied for ages. As humans, we tend to think, feel, and act in certain ways that are often elucidated by nature and evolution. In fields such as Psychology, Philosophy, and Science, human nature and the mind have been extensively studied to develop theories about why humans act, think, and feel that way that we do. It is believed by some that humans are born a certain way by nature. There are three ways that people tend to believe humansRead MoreThe Nature Of The Human Mind1415 Words   |  6 Pages The Cogito argument, â€Å"I think, therefore I am† was a statement made by Descartes and is valid. The Second Meditation, â€Å"The nature of the human mind, and how it is better known than the body† the meditator is determined in his decision to search for uncertainty and to dispose anything that is false and contains the slightest doubt. The meditator supposes that what he sees does not exist, his memory is defective. He claims that , â€Å"†¦ he has no sense, no body, and movements and places are mistaken ideasRead MoreThe Nature Of The Human Mind878 Words   |  4 Pagesmeditation is titled, Concerning the Nature of the Human Mind: That it is Better Known than the Body. In his second meditation, Descartes argues that the human mind exists merely by itself without any physical representation in the world. 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Kanwisher states in an inaugural article, â€Å"Understanding the nature of the human mind is arguably the greatest intellectual quest of all time. It is also one of the most challenging, requiring the combined insights not only of psychologists, computer scientists, and neuroscientists but of thinkers in nearly every intellectual pursuit, from biology and mathematics to art and anthropology† (2010). The impacts occur whenRead MoreThe Nature Of Mind By David Armstrong Essay1772 Words   |  8 PagesIn David Armstrong’s thought-provoking work titled, The Nature of Mind, he explains that the most convincing way to make sense of the mind-body problem is to approach it in a materialistic way. Specifically, Armstrong shows that the science of physico-chemical processes of the brain is the best way to explain the nature of our mind. He goes on to explain traditional and dispositional behaviorism, and states his own materialistic take on behaviorism. His arguments throughout his paper are very logicalRead MoreThe Nature of the Human Mind and the Human Body1095 Words   |  4 PagesDescartes talks about the nature of the human mind, and how the mind relates to the human body. With his famous declaration, I am, I exist, Descartes claims that â€Å"I† am â€Å"a thinking thing†, and therefore â€Å"I† exist (17-18). He also argues that the mind is better known than the body. In the Sixth Meditation, he further argues that there must be a clear distinction between mind and body. However, there is surely some connection between these two. In The Treatise on Human Nature, Aquinas argues that theRead MoreAnalyzing Armstrongs Nature of Mind Essay737 Words   |  3 PagesAnalyzing Armstrong’s â€Å"The Nature of Mind† In David M. Armstrong’s â€Å"The Nature of Mind†, Armstrong praises the field of science and seeks to put the concept of mind into terms that agree with science’s definition of minds. His interest is in the physico-chemical, materialist view of man. Armstrong considers science to be the authority over other disciplines because of its reliability and result in consensus over disputed questions. Armstrong’s main argument is as follows: P1: Mental statesRead More Hamlet - The Imbalance of the Idealistic Mind and Human Nature1334 Words   |  6 Pages- The Imbalance of the Idealistic Mind and Human Nature  Ã‚   It is often heard: Nobody is Perfect. This phrase is often used as a rationalization of foolish human mistakes that could have been prevented.   However, this statement has a much more profound significance. It contains an important lesson that guides or rather should guide people through life.   By admitting that nobody is perfect, the individual demonstrates a deeper understanding of the human nature and inner self. This knowledge isRead MoreEssay on HUMAN BEINGS AND NATURE DURING THE REVOLUTION OF THE MIND3395 Words   |  14 PagesHUMAN BEINGS AND NATURE DURING THE REVOLUTION OF THE MIND Enlightenment is mans release from his self-incurred tutelage. Tutelage is mans inability to make use of his understanding without direction from another. Self-incurred is this tutelage when its cause lies not in lack of reason but in lack of resolution and courage to use it without direction from another. Dare to Know! Have courage to use your own reason!- that is the motto of enlightenment. -Immanuel Kant, 1784 (1) From the

Irrationalism Free Essays

string(66) " in western culture for the first time in the nineteenth century\." TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1: Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 2: What is Irrationalism?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. We will write a custom essay sample on Irrationalism or any similar topic only for you Order Now . 2 3: Origins of Irrationalism†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 3. 1: The Limits of Rationalism†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 3. 2: The Religious Issue†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 4: Historical Synopsis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 4. 1: Ancient Greek Era†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 4. 2: Medieval Mysticism†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 4. 3: Modern Era†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4. 4: The Historical Culmination of Irrationalism†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 4. 5: The Twentieth Century†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 5: Critical Evaluation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 5. 1: Irrational vs. non-rational†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 6: Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 7: References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 1. 0: INTRODUCTION: The term irrationalism, which depicts a 19th and early 20th century philosophical movement, is a trend that claims to enrich or broaden human apprehension of life beyond the horizon of reason. This movement, as shall be demonstrated in this work, arose as a sort of reaction against the traditional over bloating of the capacities of human reason. Thus, it sought to incorporate other aspects of human life such emotions, will, passion and even faith. Accordingly, such movements like voluntarism, mysticism or religion, romanticism et al, find their place within this trend. But it must be noted at once that this movement does not seek to negate or refute the capacities of human reason. Instead it seeks to postulate that with rationality alone, human beings cannot explore certain areas of life which are in themselves unavoidable experiential data of human life. It is to delineate elaborately on the tenets of this trend that this work is poised to do. To achieve this, we have opted to render this exposition in accordance with the above given outline. 2. 0: WHAT IS IRRATIONALISM? Irrationalism refers to â€Å"any movement of thought that emphasizes the non-rational or irrational element of reality over and above the rational† . More than a school of thought, irrationalism is a multi-faceted reaction against the dominance of rationalism. As such, it played a significant role in western culture towards the end of the nineteenth century and at the beginning of the twentieth century. Irrationalism need not be opposed to reason. It can consist of a simple awareness that the rational aspect of things tends to be overemphasized and that this needs to be compensated by an emphasis on intuition, feeling, emotions, and the subconscious, etc . 3. 0: ORIGINS OF IRRATIONALISM: There are at least two main sources of irrationalism, viz: ?The Limits of Rationalism: First, we see that even the most consistently rationalist approach of the world will yield, in the end, some ultimate notions that can no longer be grasped or expressed through rational language. Such include questions of truth, goodness, beauty, and so on). This clearly appears in ancient Greek philosophy. In the eighteenth century Enlightenment, a somewhat superficial confidence in reason was often maintained, and the question about ultimate realities was thus avoided. Still, Voltaire, a typical representative of the â€Å"Lumieres,† was very skeptical about the natural lights of human reason and the ability to find definitive answers. Nineteenth century Positivism, finally, appeared as the culmination of human confidence in reason based on scientific advances. The positivists’ belief that scientific reason would make all other approaches obsolete, however, was soon largely rejected as a naive illusion. Irrationalism has therefore acted as a recurrent challenge to the belief that analytical or deductive reasoning was the alpha and omega of human mental activity . The Religious Issue: A second challenge to the preponderance of reason has come from the religious side. All the world’s religious traditions, based on immediate experience as much as revelation, have an acute awareness that the human predicament is at odds with the very ideal of perfection and happiness. In Christian thought, there is the dual notion of God’s j udgment and his grace, a position best expressed by the apostle Paul and revived most famously by the Reformers, such as Martin Luther King Jnr. nd Jean Calvin. The very notion of sin in a world created by an omnipotent and good God seems contradictory to reason. This dissonance is heightened by such paradoxical biblical formulations like, â€Å"those who want to live will die and those who want to die will live† and â€Å"the first shall be the last. † Thus, in the religious context, irrationalism takes on the nature of paradox and mystery. It is not possible for unaided human reason to fully grasp the meaning of the human condition. It has to be accepted that two basic facts (God and evil) coexists in a way that cannot be rationally explained. Only faith or spiritual intuition can somehow comprehend what is meaningless for reason alone. This position maintains a strong presence, even where attempts at offering rational explanations abound. In various different contexts, other world religions have approached the same basic issue and offered a response that invariably amounted to a rejection of rationalism . In the religious world of the Far East (notably India and China), the response has often been sought in higher wisdom involving spiritual perception and allowing the believer to see how seemingly contradictory notions can harmonize on a higher plane. There is also a general insistence on the need to find the right attitude in approaching everyday life and its ultimate questions. Finally, in Zen Buddhism, enlightenment through direct experience, by which one is jolted out of one’s habitual condition, is seen as the answer. Thus, religion’s response to the limits of reason tends to have a strong emotional, experiential, and voluntary component. 4. 0: HISTORICAL SYNOPSIS: The history of western philosophy has been overwhelmingly dominated by the notion that reason and intellect determine the value of thought, culminating in eighteenth century rationalism, nineteenth century positivism, and twentieth century logical positivism . Irrationalism has thus mostly been a secondary reaction defended by a few minor figures, an element embedded in the thought of otherwise rational thinkers, or an underlying and largely hidden element. A closer look, however, reveals the importance of non-rational issues and the emotional factor, notably in fields like ethics, aesthetics, education, axiology, and even such a bulwark of rationalism as epistemology. Irrationalism became a major force in western culture for the first time in the nineteenth century. You read "Irrationalism" in category "Essay examples" Its impact reached far beyond philosophy and the academia and was felt in the whole of society, including the political sphere, from the Romantic period to World War II, and beyond. ?Ancient Greek Era: Ancient Greek philosophy is generally recognized as the paragon of rational thinking. Its giants, Plato and Aristotle, viewed the rational mind as the essence of human identity. For Plato in particular, the realm of emotions linked to physical existence represented the lower counterpart to the eternal beauty and goodness of immaterial, rational souls. But his philosophy in fact culminates in a strongly mystical form of idealism. The immortality of the soul, eternal truth and beauty in particular, are introduced as the result of a higher insight, not of deductive or analytical thought. Such a trend continued in Neo-Platonism. Plato and his mentor Socrates are also related to the Mystery religions of ancient Greece which are often referred to in mythical form in the Platonic dialogues . The Eleusian Mysteries and the Delphic Sibyl are two examples of what Nietzsche would later call the â€Å"Dionysian element of exuberance and spiritual drunkenness† in Greek culture—an element that would combine with the plastic and formal element of light, the Apollonian element, to produce the masterpieces of Greek culture. In earlier Greek philosophy, that element could already be found in the works of Empedocles and Pythagoras. It was very influential in Greek tragedy and poetry. The cryptic aphorisms of Heraclitus, another pre-Socratic philosopher, also stand in stark contrast to the smooth flow of rational discourse, though his dialectic does not directly advocate irrationalism . Finally, the notion of destiny of fate arbitrarily willed by the gods of the Olymp constitutes an endorsement of irrationalism. Within such notions, things don’t make sense. They just have to be accepted. ?Medieval Mysticism: In medieval thought, irrationalism appears in the form of mysticism and voluntarism. Even Thomas Aquinas, probably the most rationally oriented of the middle age theologians, had a mystical experience towards the end of his life in which it appeared to him that all he had written was like â€Å"straw† . Mystically oriented writers like Meister Eckhart and Jakob Bohme saw knowledge of God as limited to negative theology. For the via negativa, the only positive statements that could be made about God were those negating ossible limitations of his Being (God is not finite, etc. ). The whole history of medieval thought – which reflected Christianity, Judaism and Muslim—was about defining the boundaries of the rational philosophical approach in its confrontation with faith, i. e. an approach that transcends human reason. ?Modern Era: Among the great metaphysicians of the seventeenth century such as Descartes, Leibniz , inter alia, French Catholic thinker Blaise Pascal represents an illustrious exception. The highly intellectually gifted mathematician came as an early precursor of Christian existentialism and famously stated that the â€Å"heart has its reasons that are unknown to reason† . Pascal also made the equally famous distinction between the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob and the â€Å"God of the philosophers,† i. e. , understanding through revelation and understanding through reason . Pascal’s position somehow forms a continuation of the Augustinian tradition defended by Duns Scotus and its volutaristic emphasis on the will to believe, rather than rational conviction. The Historical Culmination of Irrationalism: The real breakthrough of irrationalism came with the backlash against the rationalism of the Enlightenment and the subsequent wave of Positivism. At the end of the eighteenth century, Immanuel Kant had concluded that reason cannot give certain and ultimate knowledge about reality, especially not about God and the transcendent. In this, he wanted to make place for faith, which he also saw as a form of reason. The question over what counts as reason and what does not would thus later become an important one. For many, â€Å"anything not related to scientific knowledge of the empirically known universe does not qualify as reason† . For others, especially in the era of Romanticism, â€Å"the mind’s innate ability to recognize the reality of the Ultimate represents the highest peak of reason† . At this point, one has a convergence between rationalism and irrationalism, with mostly a difference of terminology. Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, Jakob Friedrich Fries, and Johann Georg Hamann are noted representatives of that period . The German Idealists are another example of thought systems developed with great emphasis on rational thought, but culminating in often highly irrational speculation. This is true even of Hegel, and his panlogism, and much more so Schelling, especially in his later, mystical phase . With Arthur Schopenhauer, irrationalism is embraced fully in the form of voluntarism . A blind will is presented as the foundation of existence, while the world of rational representations only forms the deceptive surface of things (in ways similar to Indian thought). Friedrich Nietzsche was equally skeptical of the west’s rational tradition and its shallow ethical codes, stressing such notions as the will to power and the playfulness of a child . In the Christian tradition, Soren Kierkegaard was strongly critical of the rational constructions of Hegel and proposed the â€Å"leap of faith† of the existentialist attitude as an alternative. His overall orientation, usually without the Christian connotation, would be maintained in the thought of twentieth century existentialists like Jean-Paul Sartre. For Henri Bergson, whose intuitivism was based on the notion of elan vital (vital thrust), rational thought was equally ill-equipped to grasp the essence of things. Finally, even a strongly intellectual philosophy like Edmund Husserl’s phenomenology is based on intuition as an element that comes prior to rational analysis in the perception of reality. The above list of names, to which many others could be added, exemplifies what Paul Tillich had in mind when he referred to the strong irrational undercurrent in western thought. Philosophical irrationalism would expand into many other areas of culture, including history (as shown in the works of Wilhelm Dilthey and Oswald Spengler) and, most famously in psychoanalysis (as shown in the works of Sigmund Freud, Carl-Gustav Jung). The latter’s implication is that irrational unconscious forces are really shaping human life. William James would espouse another form of non-rational emphasis in explaining the workings of the mind and that is Pragmatism, which argues that positions are essentially justified when they work. The Twentieth Century: The clash between rationalism and irrationalism would continue throughout the twentieth century, with rationalism being reinforced by the stunning development of science and irrationalism being bolstered by the obvious senselessness of many world events. A possible point of convergence has been contemporary science’s recognition of the inadequacy of the traditional mechanistic worldview and its advocacy of a muc h greater sophistication in attempts to grasp the nuances of its key notions. This has led many to abandon scientific reductionism and its denial of the unfathomable realm of the spirit. In the philosophical world, postmodernism has seen a wholesale rejection of all hitherto accepted certainties. Thus, there is paradox of a contemporary world where humankind has a firmer grasp and control over natural phenomena than ever, but one in which, at the same time, the rational nature of that world has been increasingly challenged in ontology and epistemology as well as in ethics (e. g. Nietzsche and more recently Michel Foucault and their refusal to accept given norms) . 5. 0: CRITICAL EVALUATION: From the foregoing, it is clear that much of what passes for irrationalism, in fact, does not challenge the validity of reason, but rather opens the possibilities of other realms of investigation that had been previously ignored by the rationalist tradition. This comes together with a rebellion against the rationalization of a reality that is perceived as absurd or ethical rules that are perceived to be abusive in their pretension to be rationally grounded. Nevertheless, the thrust of our evaluation herein shall focus on distinguishing between two terms that may seem compounded. This shall enable us with the ability to conclude whether the philosophers of this trend were either irrational or non-rational. ?Irrational vs. Non-rational: The difference between non-rational and irrational is not as easy to define as it may appear. German authors, like the philosopher of religion Rudolf Otto, often use the equivalent of the English â€Å"irrational,† but translators of their writings prefer to use â€Å"non-rational† to avoid giving the impression of an anti-rational bias. Indeed, in a context such as Otto’s, irrational is meant to convey the meaning of something that eludes the grasp of reason, a depth dimension of the human psyche that cannot be appropriately expressed in rational language. It does not mean that the author rejects the rational discourse altogether. In the case of Otto, the contrary is the case. This author strongly stresses the need for academic discourse to proceed according to strict rational rules and to avoid the excesses of romantic enthusiasm. Otto merely wants to show that reason is not alone and that once it has spoken, something remains that can nly be grasped intuitively and expressed in symbols. Similarly, today’s sociology of religion generally understands myths as a genuine and irreplaceable component of the human discourse, one that can express certain realities better than straight scientific talk and even reach where that talk cannot go. There is no negative connotation attached to myth under these circu mstances. 6. 0: CONCLUSION: In the end, the understanding of irrationalism in the sense of non-rational or irrational is a matter of worldview. For those who consider that the universe and if applicable, the Supreme Being, form a whole that is non-contradictory and where intellect, emotion, and will coexist harmoniously as different aspects of that reality, non-rational will have to be chosen as the proper expression. In that perspective, irrational will have to be reserved for the cases of opinions or behavior that fails to abide by the accepted rules of reason—not to describe that which transcends the realm of reason. In the main, few will defend a strong version of the opposite position that contradiction lies at the heart of everything. Such a position would make any discourse impossible, including that of those who hold this position. But various thinkers have emphasized the paradoxical nature of reality. In such a view, reality may not be fully contradictory, but it presents essential features that will always stand in paradoxical position to each other. Such is in general, the position of dialectical philosophy. Other strong forms of irrationalism are those which argue a fundamentally absurd nature of the world or the complete irrelevance of the rational discourse. Be these as they may, we rest our case in the contention that irrationalism stands at par with rationalism with only a slight difference in their respective emphasis. REFERENCES: ?Benne, Kenneth D, Contemporary Irrationalism and the Idea of Rationality, In: Studies in Philosophy and Education. Volume 6, Number 4 / December, 1969 ? Bergson, Henri, Creative Evolution. Dover Publications, 1998, ISBN 978-0486400365 ? Dewolf, L. H, Religious Revolt Against Reason, Greenwood Publishing, ISBN 978-0837100616 ? Kierkegaard, Soren, Concluding Unscientific Postscript. Princeton University Press, 1941. ISBN 978-0691019604 ? Kierkegaard, Soren, and Howard Vincent. Philosophical Fragments, Princeton University Press, 1962. ISBN 978-0691019550 ? Nietzsche, Friedrich, Beyond Good and Evil. Digireads. com, 2005, ISBN 978-1420922509 ? Nietzsche, Friedrich, and Walter Kaufmann, On the Genealogy of Morals and Ecce Homo, Vintage, 1989. ISBN 978-0679724629 ? Pascal, Blaise, Pensees, LGF Livre de Poche, 2000, ISBN 978-2253160694 ? Plato, The Symposium, Penguin Classics, 2003, ISBN 978-0140449273 ? Schopenhauer, Arthur, â€Å"Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung†, 1818/1819, vol. 2: 1844 (The World as Will and Representation, sometimes also known in English as The World as Will and Idea), Dover Publications, 1966. ISBN 978-0486217628. ?Stumpf, Samuel E, â€Å"Philosophy: History and Problems†, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 1221, Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10020, ISBN 0-07-240635-6, Sixth Edition, 2003. OTHER SOURCES: ?Encyclopedia Britannica. com. ?Guide to Philosophy on the Internet. ?Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ?The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. How to cite Irrationalism, Essay examples

Organizational Structure And Culture - Comparison And Contrast

Question: Understand the relationship between organisational structure and culture. Understand different approaches to management and leadership. Understand ways of using motivational theories in organisations. Understand mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organisations. Answer: Introduction The organization structure depends on the viewpoint of the head of the organization and its employees manifest the culture of the organization. The owner of the business maintains the different approach to management and leadership as it is something that cannot be changed with the passing time (Saenz et al. 2015). The ways of using motivational theories in an organization should be implemented as it fosters the growth of the company. The mechanism for developing effective teamwork in the organization helps the employees to work efficiently. This particular study firmly focuses on analyzing the relationship between various organization structure and culture in terms of starting new organization in business industry. This study also executes different approaches of management and leadership style as well as strategies. Moreover, this study also describes the motivational theories that help in motivating employees and developing teamwork within the organizational workplace. Understanding the Relationship between Organizational Structure and Culture Comparison and Contrast of Different Organizational Cultures and Structures Comparison and Contrast of Different Organizational Structures In terms of developing new organization several organizational structure must be considered such as Technology: Harper (2015) opined that technology is the combination of knowledge resources and techniques that helps in creating products or services of the firm. The key elements included in the structure are departmentalization (on what points the grouping of jobs will be done), work specialization (activities subdivided into separate jobs), decentralization and centralization (source of making decision authority), formalization (it is the degree of making regulations and rules to assist employees and managers). Strategy: This allows the organization in positioning a competitive environment and shaping the design of the firm. Moreover, it also helps in developing the organizational uniqueness regarding selling. Environment: In terms of running successful business, need to receive inputs from the environment in the place of business operation and sell their outputs within the environment. Scale: majority of the larger organizations earn benefits through building economies of scale by involving greater complexity that sophisticated organizational designs. Apart from that, there are several merits of organizational structures that is showing in the table Functional Structure Product Structure Geographic Structure Vertical Specialization Deliver clear services with the aligned skills and training of individuals Easily explain to customers, employees, suppliers, through problem that are recognized Lead for the growth of sectional interests with the hierarchy and reinforcement People are grouped based on expertise for the large numbers of products or services Support expansion of skills and rapid diversion Incentive and reward structure based on successful achievements of individual product lines Helps in effective decision making for large amount of supply chain methods Provide decentralized approach Help in maintaining personal relationship Provide clear outline of separation of authority and activities Outline the hierarchical ranking Comparison and Contrast of Different Organizational Culture The British management writer, (Charles Handy), classified organizational culture by the power of individuals roles and functions within an organization. The identification is of four types of corporate culture Zeus, Apollo, Athens and Dionysius and named them after the ancient Greek gods (Russo et al. 2013). In terms of developing new business, eight cultural characteristic have to maintain Simplicity according to the possibility Core Competency Bias for action Entrepreneurship and Autonomy Displaying Corporate Value (Publishing Annual Report) Loose tight properties People Productivity (Providing Rewards) Staying close to customer Apart from that, there are several core corporate cultural models in the business industry such as Figure 1: Models of Organizational Culture (Source: French and Rayner 2008, pp- 209) Relationship between culture and an organization structure The link through an organization's culture and structure can impact the appraisal of the business in many ways. The structures, as well as culture, are reciprocal of each other and functions parallel (Cummings and Worley 2014). The culture cannot be imposed people will have to follow it or build it with their will on anyone. Figure 2: Relationship between Organizational Structure and Culture (Source: Pless, Maak and Waldman 2012, pp- 63) The boundary between one organization and other is defines by different culture, improves the stability of the organization and conveys a sense of knowingness for its members. Due to all the bounds and limitations, which affect the employee or an individual the performance of the business somehow, deflects in some form or other. Hence, for a successful business, emphasis should be kept in the culture of the organization and regular checks should be done to maintain the code of conduct of every employee. Description of Factors that influence individual behaviors at work The reasons, which influence behavior of individuals at work, are organization structure, organization culture, personality, perception, dedication, incentives and working conditions (Robbins et al. 2013). If all these factors are followed appropriately by every individual in the organization, then the business will benefit and will gain profits whereas will keep every individual happy with the working conditions. The employees, as well as the chief of the organization, maintain the organization culture. Factors Details Attention Way of learning information helps in reducing demand of attention Memory Things and method impose information access Logical Reasoning Decision making severe implications Perception Neglecting misunderstand will help in influencing people at workplace Table 1: Factors that influence individuals at work (Source: Cummings and Worley 2014, pp-512) The perception should be made by every individual but for the betterment of the organization and in productive manner and grapevine should not be encouraged (Cichocki and Irwin 2014). The incentive is a way to make employees work with efficiency and for extra hours to complete the task. The working condition of any organization depends on its structure and the size of the business. Understanding different approaches to management and leadership Comparison of the Effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organizations The leadership skill is a valid attribute in the management of organizations. There is no one leadership style, which can be implemented in every situation. The leadership style has to be applied according to the positions in business (Swaen et al. 2013). The styles of leadership differ and there are few styles of leadership like Country Club leadership in which production is low, but people are high, produce or perish leadership in it the production is high and people is low, impoverished leadership in which both production and people are low. Autocratic Style: This type of leaders makes the decision without taking any reference from others. The effectiveness of country club leadership is that it will always keep the employees happy as production is low in it and there is not too much work. In addition, this type of leaders also creates alienation and de-motivation. However, Bardhan, Krishnan and Lin (2013) opined that autocratic leadership style is more valuable where decision need to be made quickly and decisively. Democratic Leadership Style: The impoverished leadership is one in which production is low so there is not too much work to do that is why people is also low. In the middle-of-the-road leadership the production is medium hence the people are also medium. Lastly, the team leadership is one in which production is high as well as people is also high. Autocratic Style Democratic Style Delegative Style (Laissez-Faire) Make decision without reference Valuable in quick decision making Alienation and de-motivate to staff Encourage decision making Emphasized the organization Delay in decision making Make creative ideas Make coordination Realise effective team work Table 2: Comparison of Different Leadership styles (Source: Lazaroiu 2015) Delegative Leadership style (Laissez-Faire): The key quote of this style is the Let it be. These types of leaders are responsible for all shared information to all. Where creative ideas are required, this type of leads are played crucial role. In the produce or perish leadership the production is high so it will not keep the people much happy because of the workload. Explanation of Organizational Theory that underpins Practice of management Scientific Management: According to Taylor (2004), managers within the organization need to be trained. Therefore, this theory will help the organization in providing appropriate training to their higher-level management staffs. The theory, which is associated with organization, is necessary to practice as it fosters the behavior and nature of an organization, which helps in the practice of management. If an organization maintains its principles for behavior and nature, then the employees have a good etiquette. Classical Management Theories: The management function includes roles like planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling (Haslam et al. 2014). If correct organization theories are practiced, then the management can be practiced properly. Webers Theory of Bureaucracy: The nature of the organization has to be understood to practice the management properly by the Directorate. The objective of the organization is to make the management understand the nature and behavior of the organization. The management should be taught or given classes for practicing organizational behavior. Faylors Principe of Management: The proper practice of management can only be conducted if the organizational behavior, nature of the organization can be well understood by the Directorate. If you are interested in changing your leadership style and organizational theory, then a meeting should be conducted for us to discuss further. Therefore, the major principles are Unity of Command Organizational Hierarchy Division of Labor Esprit de corps Discipline Evaluation of Different approaches of management by different organizations Bureaucratic Approach: The bureaucratic approach is followed by most of the organizations as it is not bound to use any particular approach rather it functions based on the environment of the organization and hence it is used the most (Pless et al. 2012). Scientific Approach: The scientific management is of not much use as it is quite complex and most organizations does not favor it. Time Study Separation Planning Scientific recruitment Training Analysis of Job Financial Initiatives Standardization Table 3: Different approaches of management Source: (Taylor, 2014) Administrative Approach: There are some principles in administrative approach such as discipline at work, remuneration, equity, initiatives, scalar chain, unity of direction. Ways of using motivational theories in organization and its understandings Discussion of the impact of different leadership style on motivational in organization Autocratic Leadership: The effects of motivation that different leadership styles have cannot be measured because it is not seen rather it is felt. The motivation a person can get depends on the situations and circumstances as it is something which needs to be stimulated, impelled, moved and induced by an individual (Pinder 2014). The motivation depends on what motivates a person, and it differentiates from one person to another. Democratic Leadership: The motivation is defined as a reason to put forth your best forward. The motivation depends on a person's needs, and it ceases with the fulfillment of need and motivates behavior. The needs of individuals are different from persons to persons and are motivated by different things. Laissez-Faire Leadership: The leadership styles are different and motivate person differently. The motivation is vital for productivity, increased performance, and achievements (Strom et al. 2014). The motivation has different effects on each, as not all persons get motivate by same needs. The motives of making work done in exchange for reward works for a short term as it is not fixed. In the long run, to sustain human motivation, there are many intangible factors which not necessarily depend on rewards. Comparison of different motivational theories within the workplace The various theories of motivation, which can be discriminated, based on its invention can be implemented in workplace. The types of motivational theories are Abraham Maslow The Hierarchy of Needs theory, Douglas McGregor Theory X / Theory Y and Herzberg Motivator-Hygiene Theory, Vroom and Expectancy theories, Maccoby, McCrae, and Costa personality dimensions, etc. (Miner 2015).These are the three motivational theories which are practiced the most by most of the organizations. Douglas McGregor Theory X / Theory Y: It is made on the basics that intrinsic motivation is better than extrinsic motivation. It means to get great results people should be interested in doing work. The theory x / theory y states if it is considered that in theory x it is assumed that most of the worker is lazy, will do very little work possible and dislikes work. The theory y states that assumption should be made if average worker is not lazy, the job itself will decide if the worker likes the job and wants to do a good job (Munro et al. 2014). The Herzberg employee motivator-hygiene theory: It sates the relationship between hygiene needs, job satisfaction and motivator needs. It implies that when the motivator needs are done then workers will be satisfied; when hygiene needs are done workers will not be dissatisfied. Motivator Factors Hygiene Factors Work itself Responsibility Promotion Achievement Benefits and pay Company policy and administration Relationship with co-workers Job security Abraham Maslow The Hierarchy of Needs theory: Options Details Self Actualization This theory allows the leaders in organizational aspect to motivate their employees by providing opportunities of judgment. Esteem Providing rewards for achievement, decrease the dominance, build self respect, etc Social Build eco-friendly environment within the workplace. Create group of individuals Safety Provide self protection from elements such as health act. Physiological Employee feel free during the working hour Usefulness of a motivational theory for managers and its evaluation The theory is useful for managers as it improves performance appraisal of employees. In the realm of management, motivation is an important function as it is vital for productivity, achievement and increased performance (Barrick et al. 2013). The needs of motivation differ from one individual to another (Lazaroiu 2015). Process of motivation Figure 3: Process of motivation (Source: Ben-Ner 2013, pp- 91) Treat staff well: The staff deserves a proper treatment. Think like a winner: The winner qualities should be implemented in business. Recognize the differences: The difference between motivations should be understood. Set realistic goals: The goals set should be real and should be achieved. Mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organizations and its understandings Nature of groups and groups behavior within organizations The term group is used for types of people who think themselves to be a group. There are certain distinctive attributes in groups, which is not present in a crowd (Salas et al. 2015). The nature of groups can be identified if it has a certain sense of identity, loyalty towards the group, purpose of the group and leadership of the group. Nature of groups: There are different types of group formation in an organization to achieve its specific results. There are three types of views in a group the normative view which shows how to organize a group and carry out activities, the second is group dynamics which has a set of roles like brainstorming, role play and the third is group dynamics from the viewpoint of internal organization members (Russo et al. 2013). Dynamics of group formation: The formation of group depends on the type of groups. The official group is constructed to cater specific goals. The management builds it for a particular purpose, and they are task oriented. Formal group: In the formal group, the management creates a group based on the work type and for particular goal (Turner 2014). It is constructed for the appropriate coordination of work. Individuals depending on their likings and shared interests create the informal group. Informal group: The informal groups include colleagues who eat lunch together, people in a network who get together to exchange information and does not allow others to join them. The purpose of an informal group is not concerned with any task rather; it is dependent on an individual and personal satisfaction. The five stage model: It shows the forming of group according to the model. Forming: It is the initial stage of group development. Storming: In this disagreement among membership may arise. Norming: In it the members develop close relationship. Performing: It is the stage where members perform. Adjourning: It is the last stage for temporary groups. Reasons that promote effective teamwork development The factors that promote effective teamwork are that the organizations provide team based structures to enhance the productivity (West 2012). The effective team work characteristics are: Tailored to the organization: Every organization needs a tailored approach to customized the culture and align it with the strategies in business as it is different. Flexible: The off the shelf approach can be utilized in a variety of models and approaches and integrate it with the existing development and training efforts. Practical and relevant: To work with the team members it is important to keep everything simple so that it can be implemented immediately in real life situation. Competency-based: To distinguish between the high competency and average the training of the team members and leaders should be conducted and if necessary a competency model for team can be developed . Customer focused: It is important to take customer feedback and implement it as far as possible; the feedback should be both internal and external (French and Rayner 2013). Transfer of technology: The dependence on any consultancy is not good so the companies which have done most of the works themselves have shown more profit. Evaluation of the impact of technology on team functioning The technological effect is huge in team functioning as it manifests the promotion of technology through team functioning. Over the last few decades new technology has been injected in the workplace at an increasing rate (Bardhan 2013). The focus will be on information technology, its implementations, its pitfalls and future. Information technology New developments in IT has led to a mobile work place. Due to the advancement of technology an individual can take his office anywhere he wants on the go as cellular phones allow to reach anywhere. New technology has opened the door for employees who want to move away from traditional working. Implementations: The implementation of technology is in every company as it is gaining popularity as new technologies has given business access (Lazaroiu 2015). As technology has become an important part in every ones life new technologies has been in the rise and this has prospered the implementation of information technology. Pitfalls It is the considerations for the areas of concern in technology implementation. The prime concern is about security as the use of technology and its advancement brings securities threats (Cummings and Worley 2014). The security of physical devices is a concern and the access to unauthorized data access is also an issue in many organizations. Conclusion From analyzing all the facts, it can be concluded that understanding the relationship between organizational structure and culture is necessary as it manifests an organization. The Understanding of different approaches to management and leadership should be made so that an organization keeps command of its employees. The understanding of ways of using motivational theories in organization evaluates the overall performance of every individual. The understanding of mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organizations helps in the better performance of the organization. All these factors are included in the success rate of any organization, as these constitute the building blocks of success. References Bardhan, I., Krishnan, V.V. and Lin, S., 2013. Team dispersion, information technology, and project performance.Production and Operations Management,22(6), pp.1478-1493. Barrick, M.R., Mount, M.K. and Li, N., 2013. 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